Development of PAOT Tool Kit for Work Improvements in Clinical Nursing

The aim of this study was to develop an action checklist for educational training of clinical nurses. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods. Questionnaire items were extracted through in-depth interviews and a questionnaire survey. PASW version 19 and AMOS version 19 were used for data analyses. Reliability and validity were tested with both exploratory and confirmative factor analysis. The levels of the indicators related to goodness-of-fit were acceptable. Thus, a model kit of work improvements in clinical nursing was developed. It comprises 5 domains (16 action points): health promotion (5 action points), work management (3 action points), ergonomic work methods (3 action points), managerial policies and mutual support among staff members (3 action points), and welfare in the work area (2 action points).     

Learning to Drive: Learners’ Self-Reported Cognitive Failure Level Predicts Driving Instructor’s Observation Rating of Driving Performance

Objectives. Evidence increases that cognitive failure may be used to screen for drivers at risk. Until now, most studies have relied on driving learners. This exploratory pilot study examines self-report of cognitive failure in driving beginners and error during real driving as observed by driving instructors. Methods. Forty-two driving learners of 14 driving instructors filled out a work-related cognitive failure questionnaire. Driving instructors observed driving errors during the next driving lesson. In multiple linear regression analysis, driving errors were regressed on cognitive failure with the number of driving lessons as an estimator of driving experience controlled. Results. Higher cognitive failure predicted more driving errors(p < .01) when age, gender and driving experience were controlled in analysis. Conclusions. Cognitive failure was significantly associated with observed driving errors. Systematic research on cognitive failure in driving beginners is recommended.     

生命周期评价在企业环境管理中的应用

环境管理对于企业的可持续发展起着决定性的作用,生命周期评价作为面向产品系统的新型环境管理工具越来越多地被企业所采用。文章结合中国企业环境管理实际,对所采用的环境管理工具做了分类,详述了生命周期评价的具体应用以及优势。对生命周期评价在未来企业环境管理中的重要作用做了展望。     

一种面向中小企业的LCA软件开发思想及开发实践

针对目前LCA应用仅局限于研究机构和大型企业,而中小企业环境压力更大的现状,提出了一种将LCA理论应用于中小企业的新方法,模板化LCA(TDLCA),给出了其定义,讨论了模板化LCA实施的理论基础,模板建立的方式,并在此基础上开发了面向中小企业的产品生命周期评价软件SME-LCA。SME-LCA在保证评价结果准确性的前提下,软件操作难度大大降低,节省了评价时间,提高了LCA的执行效率。TDLCA结合了LCA研究人员和中小企业的产品开发人员两方面的优势,是将LCA理论应用于中小企业的有效方法。     

企业推广使用“有效益的企业环境管理”的意义

有效益的环境成本管理（EoCM）作为一种环境管理工具,适用于对发展中国家中小企业的咨询服务,可以市场化运行,旨在通过切实可行的改进措施,使企业持续获得“三赢”效益,即降低生产成本、提高环境绩效以及增强组织管理能力。     

商场工作人员自我效能感与火灾时行为的结构方程模型分析*

为充分发挥商场工作人员在火灾风险下的疏导作用,提高疏散效率。引入火灾安全意识、行为选择动机、火灾认知能力为中介变量,研究商场工作人员自我效能感与火灾时的有利行为、不利行为之间的关系,构建结构方程模型;对西安市某大型商场212名工作人员进行问卷调查,运用Amos24.0软件进行分析。研究结果表明:自我效能感主要通过火灾安全意识、行为选择动机、火灾认知能力对商场工作人员发生火灾时的行为产生影响,这3个中介变量对商场工作人员发生火灾时的有利行为呈显著正相关,对不利行为呈显著负相关;火灾认知能力对商场工作人员发生火灾时的有利行为影响最大,行为选择动机对商场工作人员发生火灾时的不利行为影响最大。研究结果可为商场火灾安全疏散管理提供有效依据,对商场火灾疏散具有重要意义。     

某航空公司飞行员飞行认知能力状况调查与分析

飞行员作为一项特殊职业,从客观上要求飞行员具备良好认知能力。从飞行认知能力入手对某航空公司的37名飞行员进行了飞行综合素质测试,分析年龄、职位、飞行时间和疲劳等因素对某航空公司飞行员飞行认知能力的影响。测试结果表明某航空公司飞行员在飞行认知能力上整体表现较好,但年龄、工作时间和疲劳等对飞行认知能力有所影响。建议航空公司对飞行员群体进行大规模测试,制定相应的培训计划并加强管理保障措施,对飞行员人为差错进行主动的风险管理,为民航飞行员飞行综合素质评估提供数据支持,为科学、合理的机组搭配和排班提供依据,对改善飞行安全、提高安全管理水平具有重要意义。     

基于CREAM方法的人因失效概率预测模型研究

认知可靠性与差错分析方法(CREAM)是第二代人因可靠性分析方法中的代表方法之一,通过对任务环境进行分析从而直接确定人为差错发生概率。本文分析了该方法及其后续研究在人因可靠度评估时存在的主要问题,并以CREAM方法为基础建立新的人因失效概率预测模型。模型首先要求有针对性的对具体任务环境确定通用性能影响因子(CPC)权重,然后通过对CPC进行打分对任务环境进行量化,通过加权求和的方式分别计算出CPC的改进总分值G和降低总分值J,最后运用新建的预测模型计算出人因失效概率。新模型提出了三点改进:第一将任务环境设定为连续的空间;第二提出了不同的工作环境(任务环境)应该有其对应的CPC因子权重;第三考虑正影响CPC因子和负影响CPC因子的双重影响,建立双变量预测模型,预测结果更加合理。     

How emergency managers (mis?)interpret forecasts

Emergency managers who work on floods and other weather‐related hazards constitute critical frontline responders to disasters. Yet, while these professionals operate in a realm rife with uncertainty related to forecasts and other unknowns, the influence of uncertainty on their decision‐making is poorly understood. Consequently, a national‐level survey of county emergency managers in the United States was administered to examine how they interpret forecast information, using hypothetical climate, flood, and weather scenarios to simulate their responses to uncertain information. The study revealed that even emergency managers with substantial experience take decision shortcuts and make biased choices, just as do members of the general population. Their choices vary depending on such features as the format in which probabilistic forecasts are presented and whether outcomes are represented as gains or losses. In sum, forecast producers who consider these decision processes when developing and communicating forecasts could help to improve flood preparation and potentially reduce disaster losses.     

认知心理学视角下矿工的信息加工模型研

矿工在煤矿井下的生产过程是对外界信息的加工处理过程。矿工能否正确处理外界刺激,将直接产生安全或不安全行为,影响煤矿安全生产,甚至引发重大事故。在认知心理学视角下,应用感觉、注意和记忆理论对矿工行为的形成机制进行分析,建立矿工信息加工模型,并对模型的特点和作用进行分析,同时指出该模型存在的不足。信息加工模型的建立与分析可为安全管理措施的制定及安全培训内容及环节的设计提供理论依据。