多氯联苯污染土壤菌根真菌-紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌联合修复效应

选用紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）作为宿主植物,盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus caledonium）和苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)单接种及双接种对PCBs复合污染土壤的联合修复效应.结果表明,在紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤菌共生体系中,紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs的降低起到明显作用,使轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了15.8%、 23.5%,紫花苜蓿单接种菌根真菌和苜蓿根瘤菌后轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了14.8％、 24.1%和20.6%、 25.5%,双接种后土壤PCBs分别降低了23.2％、26.9%,而且也改变了紫花苜蓿根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用程度,改善了微生物群落功能多样性.可见,紫花苜蓿豆科植物-菌根真菌-根瘤菌特殊共生体对PCBs污染土壤显示了较好的修复潜力.     

Managing international collaboration for the development and application of environmental technologies: opportunities for China & other Asia Pacific countries

Increased international cooperation in the field of contaminated site management has resulted in the formation of numerous networks and fora. The key benefits of increased co-operation are perceived to be in the reduction of duplication in efforts, particularly related to industry, in the co-ordination of contaminated site research, policy development and information dissemination. The paper introduces and briefly discusses key networks and collaborative projects currently in operation throughout the world relating to contaminated site management. The experience shared within these groups should prove useful to the application of such environmental problems in China and the Asia-Pacific region.     

金昌镍铜矿区植物的重金属含量特征与先锋植物筛选

论文研究了西北荒漠的金昌镍铜矿区植物重金属特征, 并初步筛选了植被重建的可用物种 资源。该次调查共记录了32 种高等植物, 分属30 属14 科, 调查区域的物种数为: 露天矿(20 种)>新 尾砂库坝(13 种)>露天矿周边(8 种)>老尾砂库坝(6 种)>老尾砂库(5 种)。优势物种主要为: 砂蓝刺头、 中亚紫菀木、弯茎还羊参、乳苣、芦苇、针茅属、骆驼蓬、泡泡刺、角果藜。砂蓝刺头、弯茎还羊参、乳 苣、芦苇和密叶锦鸡儿适宜作荒漠矿区植被重建的先锋植物, 而种植针茅属和角果藜可用于西北荒 漠的矿区土地重金属污染治理。矿区植物的地上部平均Cu 含量最高, 为52.9mg/kg。植物地上部Ni 含量为5.1～155.6mg/kg, 平均含量为39.1mg/kg。角果藜地上部Ni 和Cu 含量是所有植物中最高 的, 分别为155.6 和239.0mg/kg。回归分析发现, Ni 与Cu 密切相关, Cu 含量越高, Ni 的富集和累积 Ni 量也越高。     

土壤石油污染物生物通风修复的研究进展

生物通风是一种去污效果好、操作费用低的土壤原位修复技术。文章概述了生物通风系统的结构、设计目的、适用范围和优缺点，详细论述了生物通风的国内外研究现状，包括现场应用、影响因素和强化技术及理论研究，并展望了生物通风在我国的应用前景。     

土壤重金属污染治理措施综述

在阐述土壤环境重金属污染特点的基础上，介绍了近年来国内外采用的各种土壤重金属污染的治理措施，按治理方式归纳为四类：工程措施、生物措施、农业措施和改良措施．分别阐述了各类措施的适用条件、范围、效果和费用．同时，对今后的治理研究提出了一些见解．     

Evaluation of Electrokinetic Remediation of Arsenic-contaminated Soils

The potential of electrokinetic (EK) remediation technology has been successfully demonstrated for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated fine-grained soils through laboratory scale and field application studies. Arsenic contamination in soil is a serious problem affecting both site use and groundwater quality. The EK technology was evaluated for the removal of arsenic from two soil samples; a kaolinite soil artificially contaminated with arsenic and an arsenic-bearing tailing-soil taken from the Myungbong (MB) gold mine area. The effectiveness of enhancing agents was investigated using three different types of cathodic electrolytes; deionized water (DIW), potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The results of the experiments on the kaolinite show that the potassium phosphate was the most effective in extracting arsenic, probably due to anion exchange of arsenic species by phosphate. On the other hand, the sodium hydroxide seemed to be the most efficient in removing arsenic from the tailing-soil. This result may be explained by the fact that the sodium hydroxide increased the soil pH and accelerated ionic migration of arsenic species through the desorption of arsenic species as well as the dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals.     

石油污染土壤生物通风修复及其强化技术

处理石油污染土壤的诸多方法中 ,生物通风法是一种很有效的治理方法。本文通过对生物通风法的技术、经济分析 ,得出该方法的可行性。另外 ,还介绍了生物通风的强化技术。     

Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil with vegetable oil

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of olive oil on the photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in contaminated sawmill soil. Previous studies had shown that the solubility of PCDD/Fs in olive oil is high and a rapid photodegradation of PCDD/Fs takes place in olive oil when irradiated with ultraviolet (blacklight) lamps. The efficiency of this treatment method was evaluated under more practical conditions. These included the use of sunlight irradiation and a lower-grade olive oil, without a preliminary extraction of soil with olive oil. METHODS: A 1-cm layer of contaminated sawmill soil was blended with 20 weight-% of olive oil and exposed to sunlight for four weeks. In another experiment, a new dose of olive oil was added at the middle of the exposure period. The PCDD/F concentrations of the soils were monitored periodically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A reduction in the concentration of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated PCDD/Fs by 59% and in WHO-TEQ in contaminated sawmill soil by 48% was attained after blending the soil with two doses (20 + 20%) of olive oil and exposing the mixture to sunlight for four weeks. Photodegradation with only one dose of olive oil was less efficient. This suggests that periodical additions of olive oil would be needed to maintain a proper degradation rate. After the oil additions, the WHO-TEQ content of the soil declined with first order reaction half-lives of 19.2 to 19.7 d. The overall half-life during the four-week treatment, however, was 30 d. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in the PCDD/F concentration of aged sawmill soil can be achieved with a relatively simple olive oil-sunlight treatment. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Some theoretical and technological questions need to be solved before using the investigated soil decontamination method in larger-scale applications. The functions of vegetable oils in photodegradation processes should be studied in more detail. The amount of oil that is needed for a proper solubilisation and photodegradation of PCDD/Fs should be minimised. Moreover, special care should be taken to prevent mobilisation of PCDD/Fs to the surrounding environment and to avoid leaving bioavailable residuals of PCDD/Fs in soil.     

Strategies of maintaining the natural purification potential of rivers and lakes

Surface waters have a great impact on ecology and life of man. Because of their current use and exploitation, chemical and biological pollution, as well as physical changes of rivers and lakes are common. Natural self-purification potential helps to compensate harms to a certain degree. Proposals are given to detect restrictions of the purification potential in time as well as to support and to enhance the natural purification potential.     

Monitoring trichloroethene remediation at an iron permeable reactive barrier using stable carbon isotopic analysis

Stable carbon isotopic analysis, in combination with compositional analysis, was used to evaluate the performance of an iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the remediation of ground water contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) at Spill Site 7 (SS7), F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. Compositional data indicated that although the PRB appeared to be reducing TCE to concentrations below treatment goals within and immediately downgradient of the PRB, concentrations remained higher than expected at wells further downgradient (i.e. >9 m) of the PRB. At two wells downgradient of the PRB, TCE concentrations were comparable to upgradient values, and delta13C values of TCE at these wells were not significantly different than upgradient values. Since the process of sorption/desorption does not significantly fractionate carbon isotope values, this suggests that the TCE observed at these wells is desorbing from local aquifer materials and was present before the PRB was installed. In contrast, three other downgradient wells show significantly more enriched delta13C values compared to the upgradient mean. In addition, delta13C values for the degradation products of TCE, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, show fractionation patterns expected for the products of the reductive dechlorination of TCE. Since concentrations of both TCE and degradation products drop to below detection limit in wells within the PRB and directly below it, these downgradient chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations are attributed to desorption from local aquifer material. The carbon isotope values indicate that this dissolved contaminant is subject to local degradation, likely due to in situ microbial activity.