劳动力外流与农村公共事务治理

新世纪以来,伴随着劳动力的大规模外流,农村公共事务治理呈现出集体经济困难、人居环境恶化和农田水利废弛等各个方面全面衰败的景象。灌溉作为农村典型的公共事务,对于从微观层面揭示劳动力大规模外流与农村公共事务治理衰败之间的因果关系具有代表性意义。关于劳动力流动对农村公共事务治理的影响,在已有的实证研究文献中鲜有讨论。本文基于2014年清华大学中国农村研究院对全国21个省份的调查数据,建立二元logistic回归模型,对1 507个农户的灌溉行为进行计量分析,发现农户家庭劳动力外流对农户参与集体灌溉具有显著的负面影响。这表明,在快速城镇化的过程中,劳动力外流为经济增长做出贡献的同时,也弱化了农村集体行动能力,对农村公共事务治理产生了显著负面影响。同时,计量结果表明:平原地区、水资源自然条件一般的村庄、耕地位于灌渠的中游、农户的承包地经营面积较大、农户的承包地块数较多、灌溉对农户家庭收入的重要性较大以及村庄对私自挖渠取水有惩罚措施等变量对农户参与集体灌溉有显著的正面影响;村庄位于城市郊区、地区经济发展水平较高和灌溉缺水历史等变量对农户参与集体灌溉有显著的负面影响;用水户协会的有无对农户是否参与集体灌溉没有显著的影响,原因是中国农村大多数用水户协会是行政力量推动下的产物,实际作用并不明显。上述结果表明:近20年来的大规模劳动力流动为中国经济高速增长做出贡献的同时,给农村公共事务的治理带来显著的不利影响。研究大规模劳动力流动背景下的农村公共事务挑战及其应对,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义,应作为未来重要的学术方向。由于农村劳动力外流是难以逆转的发展趋势,如何培育新的历史条件下的合作资源,实现农村社会有效的集体行动机制,是未来扭转农村公共事务治理衰败的关键。     

基于消费者对产地信息属性偏好的可追溯猪肉供给侧改革研究

基于目前市场上可追溯食品品种单一且存在明显结构性失调的现实特征,本文以可追溯猪肉为案例,运用真实选择实验与Logit模型相结合的研究方法,在对可追溯猪肉设置可追溯信息、可追溯信息真实性认证与价格属性的基础上,将产地信息属性纳入可追溯信息属性体系,研究消费者对产地标签的认知与产地属性支付意愿,以及影响消费者对加贴产地标签的可追溯猪肉购买选择的主要因素。研究发现,在构成可追溯猪肉的不同类别的信息属性及其层次中,消费者对可追溯信息真实性政府认证属性的支付意愿最高,其次是对高层次可追溯信息属性的支付意愿,而且相对于外地产标签信息属性,消费者更偏好于具有本地产标签的可追溯猪肉。同时消费者对产地标签的认知与家庭收入状况,显著影响其对加贴产地信息属性标签的可追溯猪肉的购买选择。本文研究的政策含义是,现有可追溯猪肉所包含的安全信息属性残缺不全,并不具备事前预警功能,品种存在着明显的结构性失调,应从供给侧结构性改革的角度,鼓励生产者生产多信息属性的多品种可追溯猪肉,同时充分发挥市场的决定性作用,丰富市场以满足不同的消费需求;与普通猪肉相比较,可追溯猪肉的市场价格上扬,可通过实施精准减税等政策引导可追溯猪肉的生产,以降低可追溯猪肉的市场价格,扩大可追溯猪肉的市场容量;在稳定生猪养殖等支持政策的同时,逐步推行产地政策,为生产者和消费者建立信任关系,提供猪肉安全信息甄别机制。     

高职经济类专业校内实训基地建设的改革探索

针对高职院校经济类专业校内实训基地建设中存在的基地建设欠缺、设施建设不完善和规划不合理等问题,经济类专业校内实训基地建设应该采取寻求社会支持、构建新型实践教学体系等措施,以提高整体实践教学水平,达到高职院校经济类专业能够重点培养学生职业能力的效果。     

Contesting sustainable development: low-impact development in Pembrokeshire Coast National Park

This paper assesses the credentials of the planning system in dealing with low-impact developments in the countryside. Forming part of the wider debate on sustainable development in the UK, low-impact developments challenge contemporary rural planning orthodoxy. A detailed case study of Brithdir Mawr in Pembrokeshire Coast National Park reveals the complexities and sensitivities inherent in operationalizing sustainability in this context. The results reveal a planning system reluctant to embrace unconventional lifestyles and methods claiming to be sustainable. It is concluded that the planning system and low-impact developments both need to demonstrate their sustainability credentials in a more direct and empirical manner. Ultimately this could be built into revised criteria for allowing dwellings in the open countryside. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂“超洁净排放”改造应对策略研究及问题分析

随着环保减排政策的不断收紧,火电企业进行“超洁净排放”改造势在必行。介绍了能够实现“超洁净排放”改造的可行性技术措施,并分析了改造特点及注意事项,涉及内容包括脱硝方面的低氮燃烧技术和低负荷投运改造方案、脱硫方面的增容改造方案和单塔双循环技术、除尘方面的湿式电除尘技术和高频电源技术。最后,对火电企业今后面临的热点问题进行了展望。     

超细颗粒物凝聚中试试验均匀给料方案研究

给料的均匀性对PM2.5团聚试验至关重要,运用数值方法,采用LES模型计算湍流流场,采用DPM模型计算颗粒运动轨迹,分析PM2.5团聚中试试验台烟道内加设钝体后颗粒的均匀分布,得到了水平烟道各截面处颗粒浓度分布及数值的均方差曲线,发现在试验台圆方管处加设钝体,能有效改善烟道内煤灰颗粒的均匀分布。     

Changing household responses to drought in Tharaka, Kenya: vulnerability, persistence and challenge

Drought is a recurring challenge to the livelihoods of those living in Tharaka District, Kenya, situated in the semi-arid zone to the east of Mount Kenya, from the lowest slopes of the mountain to the banks of the Tana River. This part of Kenya has been marginal to the economic and political life of Kenya from the colonial period until the present day. A study of more than 30 years of change in how people in Tharaka cope with drought reveals resilience in the face of major macro-level transformations, which include privatisation of landownership, population growth, political decentralisation, increased conflict over natural resources, different market conditions, and environmental shifts. However, the study also shows troubling signs of increased use of drought responses that are incompatible with long-term agrarian livelihoods. Government policy needs to address the challenge of drought under these new macro conditions if sustainable human development is to be achieved.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

电袋除尘器改造在半干法烟气脱硫中的应用

介绍了包头第二热电厂200MW机组半干法脱硫系统配套电除尘器的情况,由于燃用煤质的改变及环保要求的提高,原电除尘器出口粉尘浓度无法满足排放要求,需要对其进行改造。通过经济、技术对比分析,确定采用电袋除尘器改造方案。改造后粉尘排放浓度降至30mg／m^3。满足环保要求。     

食品质量与安全专业课程改革实践

专业课程改革以职业实践活动为导向,以职业资格认定为目标,以工学结合为切入点,将职业学习与工作领域相统一作为改革的总体思路。食品质量与安全专业经过努力,专业课程改革建设中取得了一定的成效,至2008年已建成《食品微生物学及微生物检验》一门院级精品课。