推行资源税改革正逢其时

当前,中国资源税率过低,税收范围狭窄,难以有效调节资源级差收入,导致市场价格的扭曲,资源税改革势在必行。资源税改革涉及多方博弈,因为资源从“无价”到“有价”,从近乎免费使用到有偿使用,这一变动过程将牵动资源环境与社会经济所构成的复杂巨系统调整。为了资源税改革能够选择切实可行的方案,达到预期的目标,我们需要对资源税改革面临的问题以及当前的改革机遇进行系统的分析。中国经济在持续了5年的“繁荣期”之后进入“调整期”,将有助于减少资源税改革推进中的诸多障碍。     

Does sex affect both individual and collective vigilance in social mammalian herbivores: the case of the eastern grey kangaroo?

In several vertebrate taxa, males and females differ in the proportions of time they individually devote to vigilance, commonly attributed to sex differences in intra-specific competition or in absolute energy requirements. However, an effect of sex on collective vigilance is less often studied (and therefore rarely predicted), despite being relevant to any consideration of the adaptiveness of mixed- vs single-sex grouping. Controlling for group size, we studied the effect of sex on vigilance in the sexually dimorphic eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus, analysing vigilance at two structural levels: individual vigilance and the group’s collective vigilance. Knowing that group members in this species tend to synchronise their bouts of vigilance, we tested (for the first time) whether sex affects the degree of synchrony between group members. We found that females were individually more vigilant than males and that their vigilance rate was unaffected by the presence of males. Collective vigilance did not differ between female-only and mixed-sex groups of the same size. Vigilance in mixed-sex groups was neither more nor less synchronous than in single-sex groups of females, and the presence of males seemed not to affect the degree of synchrony between females. Sixty-six percent of vigilant acts were unique (performed when no other kangaroo was alert), and only about one unique vigilant act in every three induced a collective wave of vigilance. The proportions of vigilant acts that were unique were 60% for females but only 46% for males. However, the sexes differed little in the rates at which their unique vigilant acts were copied. This limited study shows that the differences in vigilance between male and female kangaroos had no discernible effect upon collective vigilance.     

Resource use conflicts in Usangu Plains,Mbarali District,Tanzania

Conflicts over natural resources such as land, water, and forests are ubiquitous. People everywhere have competed for natural resources to enhance their livelihoods. However, the dimensions, level and intensity of conflict vary greatly from one place to another. This study was conducted in Usangu plains, Mbarali district, Tanzania, to investigate resource use conflicts and their underlying causes. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and household survey using a structured questionnaire were the major tools for data collection. Participant observation and secondary data sources were also used to supplement information. The study revealed the existence of resource use conflicts in the area. About 50% of respondents argued that relationships between the various ethnic groups in Usangu plains were bad. Conflicts were centred on competition for water and land. Crop damage was ranked highest (25% of respondents) as a cause behind many conflicts in the area. The study recommends that the government should redefine land tenure and land rights, enhance crop-livestock linkages and carry out a stakeholder analysis in the Usangu plains.     

安全工程专业实验课研究性教学与创新型人才培养

基于我国高校实验教学现况,阐述对本科专业实验课进行研究性教学改革的必要性和可行性。在论述研究性教学的特征及其在实验教学中优越性基础上,结合安全工程专业的《安全检测技术》实验课的教学改革实践,提出从实验指导书、实验教学大纲、教学方案和考核方式等方面进行全面改革,探讨专业实验课研究性教学中实验设计、实施过程以及对实验环境的要求与改革,提出大力加强开展综合性、设计性及研究创新性实验,并将专业实验课教学与教师科研课题进行有效结合。教改实践表明,在专业实验课中实施研究性教学,有利于实现教学相长、教学与科研相融、人才培养链相接,对培养安全工程创新型人才具有重要意义。     

彭州市环境监测站发展与建设的探讨

四级环境监测站担负着环保系统最基层、最繁杂的各项环境监测及管理工作 ,本文从如何认识环境监测工作的重要性、坚持依靠与服务的方针、加强能力建设、疏通经费渠道、深化改革五方面探讨了县级市环境监测站在新形势下发展的方向与途径。     

Democratic Republic of the Congo: undoing government by predation

This paper draws on two periods of field research, conducted in 2004, to consider the state of governance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The first measures the paralysing impact of illegal taxation on riverine trade in the western provinces; the second documents civilian attempts to seek safety from violence in the troubled east, and evaluates third-party efforts to provide protection and security. Analysis of study findings suggests that the DRC's current governance crisis is neither historically novel nor driven exclusively by mineral resources, extraction rights or trafficking. Rather, government by predation is an endemic and systematic feature of the civil and military administration, ensuring the daily economic survival of soldiers and officials, who are able to wield their authority in a 'riskfree' environment, without oversight or accountability. The paper's conclusion tries to make sense of the persistence of corruption in social and political life, and assess the capacity of ordinary citizens to reverse their predicament.     

对高校体育课武术教学现状及改革的思考

运用访谈法、实地考察法和文献资料法,通过对秦皇岛市部分高校体育课武术教学现状进行调查,发现目前高校体育课武术教学在教材内容、教学时数的设置、教法及手段等方面存在问题,提出了调整教学内容与教学方法、加强理论教学和增加课程总学时等武术教学改革的建议。     

The vertical integration of Lisbon and sustainable development strategies across the EU: How different governance architectures shape the European coherence of policy documents

In Europe, sustainable development (SD) is pursued with not one but two overarching strategies, i.e., the so-called Lisbon and SD strategies. While the Lisbon Strategy is a genuinely European response to global economic and social pressures, SD strategies are national efforts corresponding with international (mainly United Nations) guidance to better coordinate and integrate economic, social and, in particular, environmental policies. The present paper explores the vertical coordination and coherence of the two pan-European strategies. After reviewing the international background of SD strategies and the EU origins of the Lisbon strategy, the paper characterizes and compares the governance architectures of the two strategies. With a solid background on how vertical policy integration functions in the two processes, the paper then shows how this affects the coherence of respective strategy structures and monitoring indicators. Based on an extensive empirical stocktaking study of the objectives and indicators in Lisbon and SD strategies across Europe it is shown that, despite the stronger European coordination through the Open Method of Coordination, the Lisbon process entailed only slightly more coherent national strategies than international guidance did in the context of SD strategies. Thus, the paper concludes that the influence international organizations such as the UN and the OECD have on national policy-making must not be underestimated.     

An adaptive governance approach to disaster-related behavioural health services

This paper explores the provision of disaster-related behavioural and mental health (DBH) services as a problem of institutional collective action in the United States. This study reviews the challenges that providers have in surmounting multi-organizational disconnects, unstable professional legitimacy, ambiguous information, and shifting disaster needs in developing a system for delivering DBH services. Based on the adaptive governance framework, it argues that existing protocols such as the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) may be helpful in advancing collective action, but that real progress will depend on a recognition of norms, expectations, and credentials across many spheres-in other words, on the ability of responders to continuously adjust their procedures and administrative boundaries for behavioural health institutions.     

中国资源税改革的政策研究

中国矿产资源税费制度是改革开放后在矿产资源开发利用时,相关经济主体利益分化且相互间进行利益博弈的过程中发展演变而成的,资源税是以资源为对象课征的税种.随着自然资源消耗日益严重,资源税日益成为一个非常重要的税种.本文在对资源税改革的相关文献进行总结的基础上,回顾了我国资源管理的历史沿革,分析了资源税调整的国际经验,同时以煤炭市场为例,应用带有异方差调整的最小二乘法回归的计量经济模型,并分析了我国资源税调整对资源价格的影响;并在此基础上针对我国目前资源税费普遍较低,导致资源市场价格偏低,不利于资源的有效保护和合理利用的现实情况,对资源税税率及征收进行了设计:即根据矿产资源在企业销售收入中的贡献率和矿产资源的性质不同分别按照从价计征、从量计征或特殊计征三种方式进行计征;最后从资源税的征收范围、方式、生态补偿机制、环保退税机制以及加强资源的利用效率等方面提出了我国资源税改革的政策建议.