LAKE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FROM LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER DATA USING NEURAL NETWORK: AN APPROACH TO OPTIMAL BAND COMBINATION SELECTION1

Abstract: The concern about water quality in inland water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs has been increasing. Owing to the complexity associated with field collection of water quality samples and subsequent laboratory analyses, scientists and researchers have employed remote sensing techniques for water quality information retrieval. Due to the limitations of linear regression methods, many researchers have employed the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to decorrelate satellite data in order to assess water quality. In this paper, we propose a method that establishes the output sensitivity toward changes in the individual input reflectance channels while modeling water quality from remote sensing data collected by Landsat thematic mapper (TM). From the sensitivity, a hypothesis about the importance of each band can be made and used as a guideline to select appropriate input variables (band combination) for ANN models based on the principle of parsimony for water quality retrieval. The approach is illustrated through a case study of Beaver Reservoir in Arkansas, USA. The results of the case study are highly promising and validate the input selection procedure outlined in this paper. The results indicate that this approach could significantly reduce the effort and computational time required to develop an ANN water quality model.     

油气集输联合站火灾爆炸危险分析与事故后果模拟

以某联合站为例,根据油气集输联合站站场功能,将联合站划分为油气处理、储运及污水处理3个单元,对各单元发生火灾爆炸事故的可能条件进行分析,并利用DNV公司的SAFETI软件对事故后果进行模拟计算,根据事故影响范围数据,提出相应的安全措施。     

滇池人工湿地水生植物组合探讨

通过对比滇池湿地中的11种水生植物对滇池水体中的主要污染物总磷、总氮、氨氮的净化能力,兼顾考虑它们对滇池蓝藻中的主要种类：微囊藻、鱼腥藻、束丝藻的克藻作用以及它们的经济价值,探讨改善滇池水生生态环境的合适植物种类搭配。     

低光低温联合作用对铜绿微囊藻复苏能力的影响

运用正交实验设计方法研究了低温低光联合作用对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 905,以下称905)生长与光合活性的影响.采用比色法测定了铜绿微囊藻细胞叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的含量及组成比例,同时使用植物效率分析仪(Water-PAM)测定了905细胞的光合活性,并通过回复培养验证了其光合作用回复的能力.结果表明,相对于正常培养条件,低温低光对M.aeruginosa的生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,在9℃各处理组中,M.aeruginosa基本无法生长,因此可推测905细胞生长的温度阈值应高于9℃.在12℃各处理组中,光强为影响905细胞生长的主要因子,12℃、100 lx能促进其初期的生长,据此推测这一条件可能为微囊藻复苏的起始条件.15℃、100 lx处理组中,藻生长最快,生物量(以叶绿素a计)最大值为0.88 mg/L左右,分别为其他处理组的2～17倍;并且在15℃各处理组中,905细胞在"微光"(100 lx)处理组中叶绿素含量,电子传递速率及最大光量子产量均高于"低光"(500 lx)处理组,显示出相对于"低光"条件,铜绿微囊藻对"微光"的适应性更强.而回复培养的数据显示,9℃和12℃处理组样品在5 d内能迅速恢复其生长与光合活性,并最终与15℃处理组样品同样,荧光量子产量最终保持在0.55～0.6左右,并能稳定生长.研究结果对揭示铜绿微囊藻对湖泊底泥中越冬环境条件的耐受阈值及复苏的起始条件有重要意义.     

混凝-微滤膜组合净水工艺中膜过滤特性及其影响因素

采用混凝-微滤膜组合工艺处理微污染原水,间歇抽吸的运行方式连续运行,考察了膜组件的抽吸时间,抽/停时间比和曝气量对膜过滤性能的影响.采用膜通透性J/p作为膜过滤性能的评价指标.结果表明,在各操作条件下,膜通透性J/p由于膜污染的发生均先快速降低,随后随时间缓慢下降.但J/p的初期下降速度和缓慢下降阶段的相对稳定值因操作条件的不同而不同.抽吸时间对膜通透性影响较大,其次为抽/停时间比.在一定的条件下,抽吸时间缩短1/2,产水率可提高2倍;抽/停时间比缩短,产水率可提高50%.当抽吸时间和抽/停时间比分别为15min和3.8时,J/p值较高.曝气量在一定范围内的增加有利于提高膜通透性.本试验中,曝气量由2m³/h增加至4m³/h时,膜通透性可提高约15%,但当曝气量增加到6m3/h时,膜通透性并无显著改善.膜面污染物分析表明,在本研究使用的原水条件下,Si和Ca是主要的无机污染元素.     

区块链赋能区域环境治理：逻辑、框架与路径

区域环境治理现代化是中国式现代化的重要组成部分,其理想图景为“生态区”内的多元治理主体在协同共治中迈向“环境善治”。然而,当前区域环境治理工作仍存在治理理念缺失、治理工具乏力、治理结构失衡等问题。区块链作为大数据时代的一项集成技术创新,其赋能区域环境治理的基本逻辑在于“治理理念嵌入—治理工具创新—治理结构变革”。立足此逻辑,可构建“公有链平台+联盟链架构+私有链装置”的实践框架,该实践框架能够在动态汇聚底层数据基础上,以数据流驱动多元治理主体协同处理各类区域环境公共事务,并为敏感数据提供安全的储存环境。为有效推动此框架的实施落地,未来还应加强“区块链+区域环境治理”的顶层设计,构建以技法融合为规制路径的风险防控体系,提升多元治理主体的区块链技术应用能力。     

光催化氧化与生物氧化组合技术对染料化合物降解研究

将多相光催化氧化法与生物氧化法相结合，探讨两种组合技术对染料化合物的降解。实验选用100ppm的甲基橙和典型实验溶液，适当配以一定浓度范围的生活污水，以保证生物菌种的生存条件。实验结果证明先生物氧化、后光催化氧化是一种比较好的组合方式，24h生物氧化，溶液COD去除达69．68％，色度去除达22．39％，随后光催化氧化1h，COD去除达84．65％，色度去除达91．31％。由此说明，这种组合方式可以体现出两种反应的互补性，尤其对生化处理后的残留色度有明显的改善。     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.     

肥料组合对生菜硝酸盐和重金属的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同肥料组合处理对生菜硝酸盐和重金属累积的影响。结果表明，加施复合剂的3个处理对生菜硝酸盐的降低效果较好，其中施用双氰胺的组合处理在3个生长时期的降低幅度分别为24％、20．1％、65．4％，降低作用均为最大；施用植物材料处理的生菜Hg质量分数最大，高磷组合处理生菜的Cr、Cd、As和Pb质量分数最大，过磷酸钙增加了Cr、Cd、As和Pb的有效性，氯化钾对重金属影响不明显；仅加施微量元素和施用双氰胺组合处理的卫生品质最好，高磷组合处理卫生品质最差。     

有机无机配施下西北旱区麦田土壤N2O的排放特征及微生物特性

有机无机配施可为作物提供长效持续的营养物质来源,研究旱地农田有机无机配施带来的环境效应和土壤酶活性及微生物特性,对减少化肥面源污染,改善生态环境有重要意义.本试验以3个梯度氮水平(NO、N1、N2):0、150、300 kg·hm-2为主处理,单施化肥和有机无机配施(+M)为副处理,有机肥施用量为30 t·hm-2;测定了小麦生长季的温室气体N2O排放通量和土壤酶活性,硝态氮及铵态氮含量和土壤物理性质.结果表明,土壤N2O排放通量最高的为N2+M处理,排放通量达到0.190 4 mg·(m2·h)-1,N2+M处理较NO累计排放量提高了 255％;N2和N2+M处理N2O的排放通量和增温潜势高于N1和N1+M处理,而产量低于N1和N1+M处理;微生物量碳氮以N2+M处理分蘖期最多,分别为346.31 mg·kg-1和33.36 mg·kg-1;N2+M处理的土壤酶活性较高,其次是N2处理,NO和NO+M处理土壤酶活性较低;通径分析表明,铵态氮(NH4+-N)、土壤磷酸酶(AKP)和微生物量氮(MBN)对N2O排放通量的直接影响较大,其他间接影响较小可不予以考虑.研究旱地麦田有机无机配施的环境效益,与多方面因素相关,合理地配施有机肥可以平衡产量与土壤环境的综合效益.