铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)菌丝对Cu(Ⅱ)的生物吸附特性

在离体条件下研究了外生菌根真菌铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)菌丝对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并采用二级动力学方程Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线模型拟合G.viscidus菌丝的生物吸附特性.同时,考察了G.viscidus菌丝在不同温度和Cu(Ⅱ)起始浓度下,各自对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附能力和吸附率所造成的影响.结果表明:G.viscidus活性菌丝在2h时达到最大吸附速率,16h时达到最大平衡吸附量,其主动吸附使得对Cu(Ⅱ)具有很高的平衡吸附比例;G.viscidus活性菌丝和非活性菌丝均对Cu(Ⅱ)具有很大的吸附量,分别为25℃时的15.12与36.13mg·g-1(以干重计)和30℃时的16.23与10.42mg·g-1(以干重计);G.viscidus非活性菌丝对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附能力随温度升高而降低,G.viscidus活性菌丝则无显著变化;G.viscidus菌丝对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附能力随Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度增加而增大,吸附率随初始浓度增加而减小.     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

地下水-土系统中PAHs复合污染吸附/解吸机理研究进展

地下水-土系统中多环芳烃类(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染是目前研究的热点问题之一,研究焦点正逐步由单一污染向复合污染转变,而在地下水-土系统中PAHs复合污染的吸附/解吸机理是其调查与修复研究的关键问题。结合目前国内外研究进展,对重金属、非金属类物质与PAHs复合污染时竞争性吸附/解吸机理、热力学特征和影响因素等方面的研究进行评述,认为今后的研究方向是PAHs与复合污染物间交互作用的定量分析,分子水平竞争性吸附/解吸机理研究,生物吸附、化学吸附与PAHs生物毒性影响关系研究等方面,随着上述工作的逐渐深入,必将推进地下水-土系统中复合污染的研究进程。     

Bi2O3-TiO2复合光催化剂协同处理铬-邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染

以硝酸铋和钛酸丁酯为前驱体,采用水热法制备了Bi_2O_3-TiO_2复合半导体材料,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UVVis)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对复合材料的结构进行了表征.同时,考察了Bi_2O_3-TiO_2复合材料对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和难降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)复合污染的处理性能,并探讨了复合催化剂协同处理复合污染的作用机制.结果表明:该复合催化剂在可见光下能同时降低重金属Cr(Ⅵ)和有机物DBP的浓度,抑制电子和空穴复合,表现出比对单一Cr(Ⅵ)及DBP污染物更高的处理效率.当Bi_2O_3含量为4%时,复合催化剂表现出最佳的光催化活性.     

城市高污染水体生物生态处理技术研究

针对城市高污染水体的特点,建成了粉煤灰基质滤料生物过滤与复合水生植物滤床组合处理系统。生物过滤在有机物和氨氮的去除方面起主要作用,磷则主要是通过人工湿地去除。运行结果表明,组合工艺出水COD、TP、NH3-N、TN平均浓度分别为16.35 mg/L、0.08 mg/L、2.68 mg/L、15.63 mg/L,均满足《城市污水再生利用——城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920-2002)标准要求。     

玉米幼苗对镉、菲单一与复合污染的生理生化响应

通过室内盆栽实验研究了玉米幼苗在镉、菲污染胁迫14 d后的生理生化响应,并探讨了镉、菲单一与复合污染对玉米幼苗的毒性效应及其致毒机制.结果表明,单一镉(0～50 mg/kg)污染时,镉处理对玉米幼苗地上部分和根系生物量以及可溶性蛋白都无显著影响;随镉处理浓度的增加,玉米幼苗叶片SOD酶活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而P...     

氟化铵和氨循环法从脱腊脱油废白土中制取白炭黑

利用NH4F与废白土中SiO₂反应生成的（NH4）SiF6溶液和NH₃,进行闭路循环反应,生成NH4F与水合SiO₂（白炭黑）,通过正交优化,得到最佳工艺为：氟化反应,NH₄F∶废白土＝1.28,NH₄F∶水＝0.9,反应温度60℃,反应时间4h;氨化反应,反应温度60℃,反应时间8h,投料比＝2〔25％氨水mL/（NH₄）SiF₆g〕。循环试验结果表明,NH4F转化率可达82％,白炭黑产率达90％以上,只需补充少量NH₄F和氨水,就能在不产生环境污染的情况下从废白土中制取白炭黑。     

应用复合生物技术处理制药综合废水的探讨

采用改进型UNITANK和BAF工艺对东北制药总厂综合废水进行了试验研究 ,阐述了主要工艺原理 ,CODCr的去除效率可达到 90 %以上。对于高浓度废水可以使出水CODCr≤ 5 0 0mg L。整个废水处理系统具有运行稳定、处理效果好和处理成本低的特点 ,为工程建设提供了有力的依据和保障。     

Biodegradation and bioconversion of cellulose wastes using bacterial and fungal cells immobilized in radiopolymerized hydrogels

Annually, great amounts of cellulose wastes, which could be measured in many billions of tons, are produced worldwide as residues from agricultural activities and industrial food processing. Consequently, the use of microorganisms in order to remove, reduce or ameliorate these potential polluting materials is a real environmental challenge, which could be solved by a focused research concerning efficient methods applied in biological degradation processes. In this respect, the scope of this chapter is to present the state of the art concerning the biodegradation of redundant cellulose wastes from agriculture and food processing by continuous enzymatic activities of immobilized bacterial and fungal cells as improved biotechnological tools and, also, to report on our recent research concerning cellulose wastes biocomposting to produce natural organic fertilizers and, respectively, cellulose bioconversion into useful products, such as: ‘single-cell protein’ (SCP) or ‘protein-rich feed’ (PRF). In addition, there are shown some new methods to immobilize microorganisms on polymeric hydrogels such as: poly-acrylamide (PAA), collagen-poly-acrylamide (CPAA), elastin-poly-acrylamide (EPAA), gelatin-poly-acrylamide (GPAA), and poly-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate (PHEMA), which were achieved by gamma polymerization techniques. Unlike many other biodegradation processes, these methods were performed to preserve the whole viability of fungal and bacterial cells during long term bioprocesses and their efficiency of metabolic activities. The immobilization methods of viable microorganisms were achieved by cellular adherence mechanisms inside hydrogels used as immobilization matrices which control cellular growth by: reticulation size, porosity degree, hydration rate in different colloidal solutions, organic and inorganic compounds, etc. The preparative procedures applied to immobilize bacterial and fungal viable cells in or on radiopolymerized hydrogels and, also, their use in cellulose wastes biodegradation are discussed in detail. In all such performed experiments were used pure cell cultures of the following cellulolytic microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis from bacteria, and Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida, and Trichoderma viride from fungi. These species of microorganisms were isolated from natural habitats, then purified by microbiological methods, and finally, tested for their cellulolytic potential. The cellulose biodegradation, induced especially by fungal cultures, used as immobilized cells in continuous systems, was investigated by enzymatic assays and the bioconversion into protein-rich biomass was determined by mycelial protein content, during such long time processes. The specific changes in cellular development of immobilized bacterial and fungal cells in PAA hydrogels emphasize the importance of physical structure and chemical properties of such polymeric matrices used for efficient preservation of their metabolic activity, especially to perform in situ environmental applications involving cellulose biodegradation by using immobilized microorganisms as long-term viable biocatalysts.     

菌根真菌在墨兰和建兰根中的感染特征及生理特性

从产于粤北山区的野生建兰报中分离出4株内生真菌,并对这些真菌在兰根上的感染特征及生理学特性进行了研究。结果表明,菌根真菌多数浸染植株根段离很尖3～18cm的根毛区,而根尖和新长出的根则很少被感染;几乎所有的老根都受过真菌的感染。真菌菌丝从兰报表皮侵入,通过表皮层进入皮层薄壁细胞内部形成菌丝团,而在表皮层并不进入细胞内,也不形成菌丝团。真菌感染极状整后第9天,皮层细胞内的菌丝团开始消解。所分离的菌株能利用大部分简单的有机碳源和氮源,能在营养成分不明确的天然介质中生长良好,但对硝酸盐的利用较差。