The determination of partition coefficients of organic compounds in technical products and waste waters for the estimation of their bioaccumulation potential using reversed phase thin layer chromatography

Reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC) has been investigated for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients (P), an important parameter for the prediction of the environmental behaviour of organic chemicals. A strong correlation between P derived from the traditional octanol/water system and RPTLC has been established over five orders of magnitude. RPTLC data are likewise correlated to results obtained by high performance chromatography (HPLC). Due to the low costs, simplicity and separation power RPTLC is especially suited for the investigation and screening of mixtures of compounds before more complicated tests are involved.

Results from a round robin test on the determination of partition coefficients by HPLC, RPTLC and the batch method indicate the simplicity and accuracy of the RPTLC technique. Applications of the RPTLC‐technique on technical products and industrial waste waters are described.     

Genotoxic and cytotoxic in vitro evaluation of ivermectin and its formulation ivomec® on Aedes albopictus larvae (CCL-126™) cells

Genotoxic effects of ivermectin (IVM) and its commercial formulation ivomec® (IVM 1.0%) were studied on Aedes albopictus larvae (CCL-126?) cells by sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) while cytotoxicity was determined by cell-cycle progression (CCP), proliferative rate index (PRI), mitotic index (MI), 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and neutral red (NR) endpoints within a 1–250 µg mL^?1 concentration range. While IVM and ivomec® did not markedly affect SCE frequencies, these agents induced DNA-strand breaks enhancing both slightly damaged and damaged cells at 25–50 and 5–50 µg mL^?1 IVM and ivomec®, respectively. Both compounds exerted a delay in CCP and reduction of PRI at 10 µg mL^?1. Cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations higher than 25 µg mL^?1. A marked reduction of about 98% and 94% of MI compared to controls was noted with 25 µg mL^?1 of IVM and ivomec®, respectively. NR and MTT assays revealed that both compounds induced a cell growth inhibition within the 1–250 µg mL^?1 concentration range. Data indicated that IVM and ivomec® exert both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in insect cells in vitro, at least in A. albopictus larvae CCL-126? cells.     

DNA damage in mouse organs and in human sperm cells by bisphenol A

Abstract

The in vivo genotoxic potential of bisphenol A using the comet assay in mice and in human sperm cells in vitro without metabolizing enzymes was studied. Male mice were exposed by oral gavage to the following doses of bisphenol A (0 125, 250 and 500?mg/kg body weight). DNA damage was investigated in liver, kidney, testes, urinary bladder, colon and lungs cells. In testicular cells, a significant increase in DNA strand breaks was observed in the lowest, but not in the medium or highest dose groups. Histopathological investigation of the testicular samples did not show any treatment dose-related effects. No DNA strand breaks were observed in any of the other investigated tissues. In human sperm cells in vitro, bisphenol A did not induce DNA strand breaks.     

A model based on molecular structure descriptors for predicting mutagenicity of organic compounds

A model predictive of the potential mutagenicity of organic compounds was devised by relating mutagenicity data obtained in the Ames reversion test to molecular structure parameters describing their hydrophobic, topological, steric and electronic properties. These included second order valence molecular connectivity index, parachor, molar refraction and polarizability of electrons. A classification rule was calculated, by means of discriminant analysis, using a training set of 117 compounds of various chemical classes. There was agreement between experimental data and theoretical expectations for the majority of compounds (70.9%), with homogeneous figures among the different chemical classes under scrutiny. An exception was represented by halogenated aliphatics with up to 3 C atoms, the mutagenicity of which was poorly predicted by the structural analysis model.     

天津近海富营养化及环境因子的时空变化特征

基于1995—2010年监测数据,通过Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Kriging空间插值等方法,对天津近岸海域氮磷营养盐、有机污染物和富营养状况的时空变化趋势及其成因进行了分析. 结果表明:在天津近岸海域的48个监测时段中,有81.3%的监测时段处于富营养状态,有39.6%的ρ(DIN)和16.7%的ρ(DIP)超过海洋水质四类标准,有89.6%的ρ(COD_Mn)符合海洋水质一类标准;氮和磷为主要污染物,污染物质量浓度和富营养状态的季节性差异显著. ρ(DIP)、ρ(COD_Mn)和营养状态指数的年际变化主要呈下降趋势,ρ(DIN)呈先下降后显著上升的趋势;ρ(DIN)、ρ(DIP)和ρ(COD_Mn)在空间分布上基本遵循近岸高、远岸低的规律,其中ρ(DIN)和ρ(DIP)均显著呈带状分布,并且基本为北高南低. 防治天津近岸海域水体富营养化的关键是削减丰水期和平水期入海径流的氮负荷以及北部海域入海径流的磷负荷.      

废弃液晶显示屏中液晶的回收与性能检测

为回收废弃LCD(液晶显示器)显示屏中的液晶,提出了“超声波辅助有机溶剂溶解液晶屏、膜过滤和减压蒸馏”的回收方法,并以TN-TFT显示模式的液晶屏为试验对象,对回收液晶的光电性能进行检测和相变分析,以评估其潜在的利用价值. 结果表明:方法的回收率达50%;收集物液晶特性明显,呈现出较宽的向列相温变区间和较高的清亮点温度,但纯度不高,达不到日常显示所用的液晶纯度要求(GCMS>99%);响应时间为33.2ms,可以满足日常LCD显示屏的要求;介电常数为4.71,折射率为0.089,虽与纯净液晶相比稍有下降,但可满足标准AM-LCD显示的参数要求;阈值电压为3.2V,比纯净液晶有所提高,可进一步去除离子性杂质进行提纯,以降低阈值电压.      

Antibacterial and antimutagenic activitiy of extracts and essential oil from (Tunisian) Pistacia lentiscus

Aqueous and flavonoid-enriched extract as well as essential oil (EO) obtained from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus were assessed for antibacterial and antimutagenic activities. Antibacterial activity of different extracts and EO were evaluated against six bacterial strains. A marked inhibitory effect was observed against Salmonella typhimurium, whereas lower activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis. EO showed significant inhibitory effects against Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimutagenic activity of the different extracts against Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and sodium azide was demonstrated with the Salmonella typhymurium assay. The number of revertants per plate decreased significantly when the plant extracts were added to the assay system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98 and TA1535.     

An approach for assessing the suitability of Ceriodaphnia rigaudii as an indigenous tropical toxicity test species

Although the selection criteria for toxicity test species are well-documented, they do not provide a clear approach for establishing the suitability of a species for regulatory testing. This study looks at the approach used to determine if Ceriodaphnia rigaudii, an indigenous tropical cladoceran species, may be designated as a suitable freshwater test species for regulatory testing in Trinidad and Tobago. The approach involved species identification, life cycle characterization, salinity tolerance, toxicological responses to standard chemicals, and comparative sensitivity evaluation with an established test species. The results showed that C. rigaudii (0.45 mm) was significantly smaller in size, had a shorter life cycle and matured faster than temperate cladoceran species such as Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna (3–6 mm). Ceriodaphnia rigaudii has a life span of about 10–15 days and reached sexual maturity within 2 days, whereas D. magna had a life span of about 40–50 days and attained sexual maturity within 6–10 days. The LC₅₀ values for C. rigaudii were significantly less than D. magna for the six compounds tested. Interspecies correlation also showed a low positive correlation, suggesting that the sensitivities of both species were not similar for the compounds tested. The sensitivity factors of C. rigaudii and D. magna for the toxicants ranged 0.01–12.3, suggesting that C. rigaudii was more sensitive than D. magna. This study was useful in defining a stepwise approach to help establish C. rigaudii as an indigenous tropical toxicity test species in Trinidad.     

Improvement of the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) analytical method for reclaimed water

Microbial growth is an issue of concern that may cause hygienic and aesthetic problems during the transportation and usage of reclaimed water. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is an important parameter which determines the heterotrophic bacterial growth potential of water. Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 and Spirillum sp. NOX are widely used to measure AOC in drinking water. The AOC values of various reclaimed water samples determined by P17 and NOX were compared with those determined by the new strains isolated from reclaimed water in this study. It showed that the conventional test strains were not suitable for AOC measurement of reclaimed water in certain cases. In addition to P17 and NOX, Stenotrophomonas sp. ZJ2, Pseudomonas saponiphila G3 and Enterobacter sp. G6, were selected as test strains for AOC measurement of reclaimed water. Key aspects of the bioassay including inoculum cell density, incubation temperature, incubation time and the pH of samples were evaluated for the newly selected test strains. Higher inoculum density (10⁴ CFU·mL^-1) and higher incubation temperature (25°C) could reduce the time required for the tests. The AOC results of various collected samples showed the advantages of the method proposed based on those five strains in evaluating the biologic stability of reclaimed water.     

生物样品体外致突变高通量检测方法研究进展

评述了几种常用的体外致突变检测方法及其用于生物样品检测的可行性,有些方法经改进可用于高通量检测生物样品体外致突变性.经典Ames实验受生物样品中组氨酸的影响,易产生假阳性结果,尽管经过修正可以排除组氨酸的干扰,但操作繁琐,不适合高通量检测.基于SOS反应的检测体系避开了组氨酸的影响,且简单易行,适合高通量检测:以β-半乳糖苷酶基因(lacZ)作为报告基因的检测体系灵敏度高,且经过离心洗涤或后培养的方式可降低样品颜色的影响;以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因作为报告基因的检测体系避开了颜色的干扰,但这类方法灵敏度普遍不高,可以寻找信号更强的荧光蛋白以替代GFP;荧光素酶(lux)基因集lacZ和GFP的优点于一身,但检测时需要额外添加辅助因子,限制了其应用.也对单细胞凝胶电泳、tk基因突变实验、染色体损伤检测等方法进行了分析,有些适合生物样品高通量检测,但由于缺少国际通用的标准,很难推广使用.