都江堰地区人居气候环境舒适调查

对都江堰地区影响人居环境舒适的主要构成要素温度、湿度、风速及着装、运动水平等进行综合分析，相对温度81％，风速0.8—1.7m／s，温度月均值4.6—24．5℃的组合，每年大部分时间都处于人体舒适状态。对于月际和昼夜温差的变化，可根据活动情况，通过增减着装来调节和适应。     

Distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from an urban river basin at the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface sediment samples from nine sites located at the Iguac?u River Basin in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil to evaluate their distribution and sources. The total concentration of the PAHs was greater for sediments from highly urbanized areas, while the sediments from the Ira′? Environmental Protection Area (Ira′? EPA) showed significantly low concentrations. The sediments from the Iguac?u and Barigui rivers were classified as highly contaminated, while those from the Cercado and Curralinho rivers were classified as moderately contaminated. The predominance of PAHs containing two to four aromatic rings in most of the samples suggested the direct input of raw sewage into the water resources evaluated. Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were predominant in sediments from the areas under the greatest urban and industrial development. The correlation between thermodynamic stability and the kinetics of evolution presented by the isomeric pairs indicated that combustion is the predominant source of PAHs in the sediments because the combustion of fossil fuels affected most of the points evaluated, followed by combustion of biomass and eventually combustion of oil product inputs. In general, the results showed that areas under strong urban influence, as well as the Ira′? EPA, receive contributions of PAHs from similar sources.     

基于人体血铅指标的区域土壤环境铅基准值

由于铅对儿童的强烈神经毒性且土壤铅已经成为儿童铅暴露的主要来源,土壤环境铅基准一般基于儿童血铅含量的方法制定.收集国内现有资料,总结并确定出符合我国实际的关键参数取值范围,其中空气、饮水中铅含量分别在0.12~1.0μg.m-3、2~10μg.L-1之间;0~6岁儿童饮食暴露途径铅摄入量约10~25μg.d-1;育龄妇女血铅几何均值4.79μg.dL-1,标准差1.48.采用国际上认可度较高的综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型(IEUBK)和成人血铅模型(ALM),计算我国居住用地和工业/商业用地土壤环境铅基准值分别为282 mg.kg-1和627 mg.kg-1,略低于英美等国.参数敏感性分析表明,我国儿童平均铅暴露量明显高于发达国家且暴露场景与欧美发达国家有明显不同.我国亟需开展环境铅暴露与儿童血铅含量相互关系研究,制定基于血铅指标的铅污染土壤风险评估方法导则.     

汶川地震前周至深井观测数据的异常特征

分析了汶川地震前后周至台流体数据异常特征,特别对该台水位、流量数字化资料分钟值的的毛刺现象进行了深入研究,并用水位的整点值做了潮汐变化分析和小波分析.结果表明,汶川地震前,该台流体观测有一定的前兆显示,为流体学科的异常判定提出了新的思路.     

Sibling competition in guinea pigs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cavia aperea</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">porcellus</Emphasis>): scrambling for mother’s teats is stressful

Lactation is the most energy-intense period in the life of a female mammal. This can cause severe conflict between mother and offspring over the duration of lactation but also between siblings over the amount of milk each pup gets from its mother. Thus, competitive interactions between siblings are expected, and competition is likely to increase with litter size, particularly in species where the number of offspring exceeds the number of teats. We studied sibling competition in the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), which has two teats, but frequently bears litters of up to five pups. By cross-fostering we created non-competition (control) litters with two pups and competition litters with four pups and observed nursing behaviour on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum. Pups of larger litters had lower growth rates, indicating increased competition among siblings in these litters. Pups of larger litters had to wait longer for access to a teat and spent less time suckling than pups of smaller litters but ate more solid food instead. Additionally, we manipulated the individual short-term need of pups by separating half of the pups of each litter for 2 h from their mothers before observation. Within a litter, hungry pups achieved access to milk faster and spent more time suckling than non-hungry pups. Pups competed mostly by scramble competition. Aggressive interactions occurred only in large litters. Pups of large litters had higher cortisol levels than pups in small litters. These effects decreased with age as pups became increasingly independent of maternal milk. Pup behaviour appears to fit better with models of scramble competition than with those of honest signalling. This contribution is part of the special issue “Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals” (guest editors: Robyn Hudson and Fritz Trillmich).     

Consumer health risk to pesticide residues in Salvia officinalis L. and its infusions

Salvia officinalis L. is a popular herb widely used in culinary, cosmetic, and medicinal preparations, and also as an ornamental plant. Sage crops are threatened by many diseases, such as gray mold, powdery mildew, and leaf spot, by weeds, and by pests, such as aphids. Use of crop protection products may lead to presence of pesticide residues in this herb. The aim of this work was to study presence of pesticide residues in the herb, S. officinalis L., available on the retail market in Poland, to verify their compliance with the maximum residue levels (MRLs) and to assess the chronic and acute risks associated with consumption of this herb and infusions prepared from contaminated sage plants. Ninety active substances of pesticides were analyzed, including all active substances registered in Poland for protection of the sage. Five active substances were found, one fungicide – boscalid and four insecticides: chlorpyrifos, pp′-DDT, dimethoate (residue levels above MRL) and indoxacarb. The chronic and acute exposure to pesticide residues consumed with sage did not exceed 0.02% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and 0.1% of the acute reference dose (ARfD), respectively.     

Water-level based discrete integrated dynamic control to regulate the flow for sewer-WWTP operation

• A model-free sewer-WWTP integrated control was proposed. • A dynamic discrete control based on the water level was developed. • The approach could improve the sewer operation against flow fluctuation. • The approach could increase transport capacity and enhance pump efficiency. This study aims to propose a multi-point integrated real-time control method based on discrete dynamic water level variations, which can be realized only based on the programmable logic controller (PLC) system without using a complex mathematical model. A discretized water level control model was developed to conduct the real-time control based on data-automation. It combines the upstream pumping stations and the downstream influent pumping systems of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The discretized water level control method can regulate dynamic wastewater pumping flow of pumps following the dynamic water level variation in the sewer system. This control method has been successfully applied in practical integrated operations of sewer-WWTP following the sensitive flow disturbances of the sewer system. The operational results showed that the control method could provide a more stabilized regulate pumping flow for treatment process; it can also reduce the occurrence risk of combined sewer overflow (CSO) during heavy rainfall events by increasing transport capacity of pumping station and influent flow in WWTP, which takes full advantage of storage space in the sewer system.     

Putting time in perspective: How and why construal level buffers the relationship between wait time and aggressive tendencies

We spend a substantial part of our daily life waiting, and unfortunately, wait time can fuel aggressive tendencies. Our study examines the relationship between wait time, perceived wait time, and aggressive tendencies from a construal level perspective. In Study 1, we found that the higher the construal level, the stronger the relationship between actual and perceived wait time and the stronger relationship between perceived wait time and aggressive tendencies. In Study 2, we manipulated construal level and found that power explains the moderating impact of construal on the wait—aggressive tendencies relationships. Results demonstrate the role of construal in explaining both perceived wait time and aggressive responses to long wait times, suggesting that mental construal influences both the psychological experience of time and the subsequent reaction to that experience. Overall, these results contribute to research on subjective time perspective by enhancing the knowledge and understanding of the determinants and effects of perceived wait time.     

淮河流域一次梅雨锋暴雨的中尺度动力特征分析

针对2007年7月8日发生在苏皖淮河流域的暴雨,采用WRF中尺度数值模式模拟结果、FNL每日4次1°*1°再分析资料、6h地面实况观测降水资料和FY-2相当黑体亮温TBB资料对该次降水的发生、发展过程进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)该次降水在有利的大气环流形势下,强降水发生在呈准东西向分布的梅雨锋上。位于蒙古国与我国华北—东北交界处上空的切断低压给淮河流域输入了冷空气。冷空气与西南低空急流带来的暖湿气流交汇,增强了大气斜压性;(2)正的非热成风涡度的发展促进了高层相对于低层的辐散减压,有利于垂直上升运动的发展;(3)低空强急流带所形成的动力、热力和水汽条件对暴雨落区位置产生了重要影响。     

重庆地区夏季非空调室内环境的热舒适研究

通过问卷调查和现场测试方法对重庆某高校校舍和居民住宅的夏季室内热环境进行了调研,获得了530份有效问卷,采用Bin法划分温度区间,将各区间内的有效温度与平均热感觉进行线性回归分析,得到热中性有效温度为255℃,给出非空调环境下夏季80%可接受的有效温度范围为226℃～266℃,同时分析了非空调环境下预测热感觉与实测热感觉的差异,最后以重庆村镇典型住宅为例,对使用风扇改善室内热环境进行了评价。研究成果可为重庆地区非空调环境的热舒适评价提供参考,为进一步完善重庆地区热舒适标准提供科学依据,对采用风扇改善热环境和减少空调运行时间、降低建筑能耗有一定的指导意义。