北京西单立体交通工程施工安全风险模糊分析

随着我国大规模城市地下空间的开发,需要分析和研究城市地下空间施工的安全风险.笔者结合北京西单立体交通工程,采用层次分析理论,探讨和分析施工过程的安全风险,定义施工中涉及的六大类主要安全风险;运用数学集合理论,建立风险因素集合论域U和分析评判集合论域V,采用模糊数学理论,将风险因素集合论域U和分析评判集合论域V建立模糊映射关系和模糊关系,从而确定数学模型;根据西单立体交通工程施工安全风险调查采样分析,统计计算风险权重和建立模糊矩阵,定性、定量地比较了3种施工方法的安全风险,经过归一化处理,给出施工方法的安全风险量,明确了适合西单地区的施工方法.     

中国蛇足石杉资源调查与评估

通过对我国蛇足石杉主要分布区35个野外样点和总样方量71300m²的调查,结合国内12个标本馆470余号蛇足石杉馆藏标本及现有文献的研究表明:蛇足石杉的主要分布区位于我国中亚热带和南亚热带所在的地理区域,幅员面积260×10⁴km²,实际分布生境总面积约39×10⁴km²;性喜阴湿,所适应的生态环境为中亚热带常绿阔叶林和南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林及其次生生态系统;野外生物量的调查得到了蛇足石杉在不同的地理区域的生物量分布格局,并由此结合专家系统对直接取样结果和间接推导数据的权重分析及环境参数的评估,初步确定我国蛇足石杉天然生物量为4656.6t;并以此为基础,在进一步考虑人的采集能力的前提下,判定我国蛇足石杉的理论可采量为1604t;同时指出,在目前收购价格条件下(30～40元/kg),我国蛇足石杉商业可采量大约不会超过200t。由于蛇足石杉资源分散,而且许多相对集中的产地均位于自然保护区和风景区范围内,因此,不可大规模开采,解决资源短缺的问题还有赖于寻求其他更加科学合理的途径。另外,论文为小型植物的生物量和可采量评估提供了一些新思路和方法。     

Response of a Group of Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys to Commercial Logging in the Qinling Mountains, China

Abstract:  Habitat destruction is one of the greatest threats to primates worldwide. To understand the impact of forest logging on the habitat use of primates in temperate mixed forest, we compared the range, habitat used, population size, and diet of a troop (ERT) of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana ) in the Qinling Mountains before (1989), during (1997), and after (2002–2003) commercial logging. Logging significantly changed the composition of the forest and the food supply for the troop. Some areas were heavily logged and formed patches in the forest that lacked canopy cover. The troop moved 7 km away from their original range when logging took place and returned to their original range after logging stopped, but they avoided heavily logged areas that lacked canopy cover. Their movement indicated some degree of site fidelity in this species. Diet and home range changed after logging, but the population size remained stable, which suggests that this species has some ability to adapt to habitat changes. Our results may reflect a natural flexibility in primates to adapt to the changing food resources in temperate areas with marked seasonal variations in food availability and distribution. This flexibility may have contributed to their higher degree of resilience to habitat alterations caused by human activities compared with tropical forest primates that have a more specialized diet. Our findings provide important baseline information that will help decision makers in their efforts to conserve primates, especially in temperate regions, and to sustainably manage primate habitat.     

合成腐殖酸氧化还原能力与光学性质探究

本文以合成商业腐殖酸Aldrich humic acids(AHA)与国药化学试剂腐殖酸(TJHA)为研究对象,与铁氰化钾反应测定不同浓度AHA与TJHA还原前后氧化还原能力.研究发现,原态和还原态的HA均能向铁氰化钾传递电子,还原后两种HA的氧化还原能力均大于其原态的氧化还原能力.原态和还原态TJHA的单位碳电子转移数(原态1.49 meq·g C-1;还原态20.95 meq·g C-1)均大于AHA(原态0.52 meq·g C-1;还原态1.75 meq·g C-1).同时随着HA浓度的增加,两种HA的原态与还原态单位碳电子转移数均逐渐降低(AHA:0.91—0.52 meq·g C-1;TJHA:13.57—1.49 meq·g C-1),而AHA单位体积电子转移数目逐渐增大(0.002—0.072 meq·L-1),TJHA单位体积电子转移能力无明显变化.这是由于在HA与铁氰化钾电子转移体系中,氧化还原能力的高低与腐殖酸中氧化还原官能团数量和分布有关,与HA粒径大小,分子质量也有关系.进一步通过E465,E4/E6值表明两种HA E465值与浓度呈明显正线性关系,E4/E6值与浓度呈对数增加趋势.三维荧光分析发现,HA还原后,激发/发射(Ex/Em)峰出现蓝移,相对荧光强度降低,说明HA还原的过程中有π—π*的断裂.进一步对HA荧光测定发现TJHA中具有更多数量的氧化还原官能团而AHA中氧化还原官能团种类相对丰富.     

乌鲁木齐市建设项目环境管理现状及对策探讨

通过剖析乌鲁木齐市建设项目环境管理工作现状,从审批权限分工管理、审批人员业务素质及环境保护与城市规划协调发展等方面,找出制约建设项目环境管理的瓶颈,并提出加强和提高建设项目环境管理工作质量的途径和对策.     

Valuing biodiversity: reality or mirage?

The objective of this paper was to consider the social value ofbiological diversity and explore if this value could be expressedin terms of a unidimensional metric in money. Economics distinguishes between use-values and non-use-values, which are critically evaluated for valuing biodiversity. It is shown that these utility-based valuations have severe limitations as they treat species in isolation from their ecological contexts. In contrast, ecosystem ecology regards ecosystems as an integratednon-linear and nonconvex system in which ecosystem functions canbe understood as a four-component cycle; exploitation, accumulation of biomass, creative destruction and renewal. Withinsuch a cycle, ecosystems can be seen to have two properties: stability and resilience. A good proxy for resilience is the probability of extinction of species, and social value of biodiversity can be expressed as a partial ordering with thisprobability as an index. This approach is consistent with decision theory, of which social choice is an important component, pioneered by Arrow.     

湖库水质评价污染因子选择方案探讨

目前我国湖库水质评价中,评价项目不统一,造成评价结果不具可比性.为抓住水体污染的主要矛盾,同时节约监测成本,对有代表性的湖库监测数据进行分析,提出了湖库水质评价项目的选择方案.     

The creation of vulnerability to natural disaster: Case studies from the Dominican Republic*

This paper argues that natural disasters are not a category of events which can be separated from the broader Issues of development, since economic change can create vulnerability to natural disaster. The analysis of case studies from the Dominican Republic shows how the development of large scale commercialized agricultural production has created such vulnerability by reducing or restricting the resource base of certain sectors of the population. It b suggested that the vulnerable state of a population should be considered as much a cause of natural disaster as the extreme physical phenomena Involved. Therefore there Is a need both for a broader framework for analysis of disasters and for strategies to reduce such vulnerability to be an Integral part of long term development planning.