康滇地轴东缘铅锌矿床铅硫同位素地球化学研究

康滇地轴东缘不同时代碳酸盐地层中铅锌矿床的铅同位素研究表明 ,其2 0 7Pb/2 0 4 Pb与2 0 6 Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb呈良好线性关系 ,2 0 7Pb/ 2 0 6 Pb和2 0 8Pb/ 2 0 6 Pb为一常数。结合对本区矿床的稀土元素及成矿流体地球化学的研究 ,判定不同层位铅锌矿床是在同一个成矿体系同时形成的 ,一次成矿 ,其成矿年龄为 2 4 5Ma(峨眉运动 ) ;同时说明不同矿床成矿金属有相同的来源 ,主要来自上地幔。成矿硫以来自地层中的硫酸盐还原硫为主 ,幔源硫次之。本区铅锌矿床的成矿作用与峨眉山玄武岩的喷流关系密切 ,这是与著名的MVT型铅锌矿床的显著区别。     

上海市居民人发重金属含量及其空间分布特征研究

采集上海市15个区(不包括崇明县),年龄在0~80岁之间的84例居民人发样品作为研究对象,着重分析上海市居民头发中镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)4种重金属元素含量,探究其与年龄的关系及空间分布特征.结果显示,上海市居民头发中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn 4种重金属平均含量均在正常范围内,Cd含量为(0.11±0.19)μg·g~(-1),Cu为(11.42±8.75)μg·g~(-1),Pb为(1.64±2.12)μg·g~(-1),Zn为(121.20±106.59)μg·g~(-1),与国内外其他地区相比,上海市居民这4种重金属的污染水平较低.单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)表明,Pb和Cd含量的高值集中于0~10岁儿童,且与其他年龄段有显著差异,说明儿童较容易受到Pb和Cd的污染;利用样本数据进行反距离加权插值(IDW),得到上海市居民头发中4种重金属含量的空间分布规律,其中发Pb和发Cd含量呈现出由市区向郊区递减的变化特征.     

复合式Carrousel氧化沟处理城市污水研究

在Carrousel氧化沟中悬挂半软性填料而组件的复合式氧化沟处理人工合成的城市污水,通过小试研究,考察了复合式氧化沟在不同的HRT时运行效能和特性,分析了复合式氧化沟工艺在污染物去除方面的优势。试验表明,当HRT从55h减少到10h,COD去除率从99.1%减少到86.6%,BOD5去除率从99.4%下降到92.8%,氨氮去除率从98%减少到83.0%;当复合式氧化沟在HRT=20h的条件下运行,进水COD、BOD5和氨氮分别为125.3~492mg/L,56.26~249.44mg/L,20~32.91mg/L,去除率分别为90.2%~97.0%,94.4%~99.3%,90.1%~98.7%。复合式Carrousel氧化沟耐冲击负荷能力强,各类污染物的去除效率很强。     

大兴安岭南部温带山杨天然次生林不同生长阶段生物量及碳储量

基于内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统定位研究站山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）天然次生林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及过熟林生物量调查,探讨了不同龄组山杨天然次生林单株木、林分、林下植被和枯落物的生物量及群落碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明：随林龄的增大,山杨天然次生林木和各器官生物量总体呈增加趋势,树干所占比例增加,中龄林增加尤为明显;林下植被层、枯落物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是：乔木层〉枯落物层〉林下植被层。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林群落的碳储量分别为27.146 6、53.545 1、60.889 8、77.915 8、79.135 3t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为22.206 5、47.215 7、52.056 3、68.445 3、68.773 1 t.hm-2,枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为5.814 4、2.172 7 t.hm-2。乔木层、枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均率分别为86.05%、10.39%和3.57%。研究认为山杨天然次生林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大;中龄林为碳储量增长迅速期,且持续较长一段时间,是林分管理的关键阶段;自然稀疏有利于促进林木生长,林分碳储量并未随林分密度下降而减小。     

Trends and patterns in fatal US motorcycle crashes, 2000–2016

Objective: To investigate trends of motorcyclist fatalities and identify at-risk populations by motorcyclist demographics and crash characteristics.

Methods: We used the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database (2000–2016) to track fatality rate trends, which were quantified by using Poisson mixed-effects regression models comparing 2000–2001 and 2007–2008, as well as 2009–2010 and 2015–2016.

Results: The overall fatality rate per 100,000 population increased from 2000 to 2016, defined by two trend lines—before and after the economic recession in 2008–2009. The overall fatality rate ratio between 2000–2001 and 2007–2008 was 1.60 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.51–1.70], and between 2009–2010 and 2015–2016 was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18). Fatality rates increased among all age groups, particularly for motorcyclists aged 60 and older. Those aged 18–29 had the highest fatality rates overall. Age-and-sex standardized state fatality rates were consistently highest in Wyoming, South Dakota, and South Carolina and lowest in Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey.

Conclusion: Motorcycle fatality rates increased overall and across all age groups between 2000 and 2016. Fatalities for the oldest riders showed the steadiest increasing trends. Results highlight the continued public health burden of motorcyclist fatalities and, by extension, the importance of improving motorcycle safety.     

Combining remote sensing imagery and forest age inventory for biomass mapping

Aboveground biomass (AGB) of forests is an important component of the global carbon cycle. In this study, Landsat ETM(+) images and field forest inventory data were used to estimate AGB of forests in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China. Three different vegetation indices, including simple ratio (SR), reduced simple ratio (RSR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were calculated from atmospherically corrected ETM(+) reflectance images. A leaf area index (LAI) map was produced from the RSR map using a regression model based on measured LAI and RSR. The LAI map was then used to develop an initial AGB map, from which forest stand age was deduced. Vegetation indices, LAI, and forest stand age were together used to develop AGB estimation models for different forest types through a stepwise regression analysis. Significant predictors of AGB changed with forest types. LAI and NDVI were significant predictors of AGB for Chinese fir (R(2)=0.93). The model using LAI and stand age as predictors explained 94% of the AGB variance for coniferous forests. Stand age captured 79% of the AGB variance for broadleaved forests (R(2)=0.792). AGB of mixed forests was predicted well by LAI and SR (R(2)=0.931). Without differentiating among forest types, the model with SR and LAI as predictors was able to explain 90% of AGB variances of all forests. In Liping County, AGB shows a strong gradient that increases from northeast to southwest. About 64% of the forests have AGB in the range from 90 to 180 t ha(-1).     

填埋场渗滤液腐殖酸随填埋龄的变化特性及模型研究

以福建省12个不同填埋场渗滤液作为研究对象,分析了不同填埋龄渗滤液中腐殖酸的性质随填埋龄的变化关系.结果表明,渗滤液中富里酸(FA)浓度和比例都高于胡敏酸(HA),且HA、FA和腐殖酸(HS)的浓度都随着填埋龄的增加呈先上升后下降,HA所占比例随填埋龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而FA和HS则是先上升,后呈波动变化.HA、FA的E280、E300/E400和E465/E665的分析结果表明HA较FA有更多的芳环结构,更大的分子量和较高腐殖化程度;随着填埋龄的增加,HA的腐殖化程度呈下降趋势,而FA则呈上升趋势;HA和FA的E300/E400和E465/E665随填埋龄的增加并未有明显的变化趋势.根据有机物降解动力学原理建立模型,分别对HA、FA和HS的浓度和填埋龄的变化关系进行拟合,结果表明模型的模拟值和实测值具有较好的一致性,HA、FA和HS模拟值和实测值的相关系数R2分别为0.820、0.932和0.946.表明该模型能有效模拟和预测腐殖酸随填埋龄的浓度变化关系.     

南丹矿业活动影响区人群头发中重金属含量特征

为探讨矿业活动对"有色金属之乡"南丹矿区周边常住居民健康的影响,采集矿业活动影响区车河镇、大厂镇、长老乡及对照区六寨镇中典型村庄居民发样200个,用原子荧光形态分析仪(AFS-9700)、石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱仪(AA 700)和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(Optima 7000)测试其重金属含量.结果表明,受影响区人群发样中As、Sb、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为1.260、2.161、2.466和20.92μg·g-1,分别是对照区的4.0、20、2.1和1.9倍,且车河、大厂人群发样中Sb含量超出推荐正常范围;受影响区人群发样中Zn含量与居民年龄呈负相关(P0.05,n=151),Cd和Pb含量与居民年龄呈弱负相关(P0.1,n=151);通过独立样本t检验,受影响区男性居民发样中Cd含量显著高于女性(P0.05),而女性居民发样中Cu和Zn含量显著高于男性(P0.05).调查区域人群发样中As与Sb、Cd与Pb、As与Cd呈显著相关性(P0.01).可见,南丹矿业活动对周边常住人群人发重金属积累效应明显.     

Prenatal diagnosis for women aged 37 years and over: to have or not to have

Forty percent of pregnant women aged 37 years and over do not have prenatal diagnosis despite being eligible for a free test. The present study aimed to determine how often, and which, untested women were making a choice about this, how many declined an offer and why. A questionnaire was given to untested women, aged 37 years and over, at no less than 24 weeks gestation. A total of 375 (81.5%) women declined, 72 (16%) were not offered a test and 13 presented too late antenatally. There was a three-fold increased likelihood (OR 3.10 95% CI 1.44, 6.65) of no offer for urban non-English speaking background women, compared with the reference group (metropolitan, English speaking). Unpartnered women were also significantly less likely to receive an offer (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.19, 8.46). Risk to the baby was the main reason for declining. When offered non-invasive prenatal screening, most decliners of prenatal diagnosis accepted, even those who declined because they were opposed to abortion. We estimate that overall 33% of older pregnant women were being offered and declining amniocentesis and/or chorion villus sampling (CVS). Only 6% were not offered a test, but this small proportion is over-represented by minority groups who must be given equal opportunity to make this choice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural under-canopy regeneration and height-age structure of small-leaved linden (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tilia cordata</Emphasis> Mill.) undergrowth in water-conservation forests around Pavlovskoe Reservoir,Ufa River

Natural regeneration and the height-age structure of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) under a forest canopy were studied with regard to specific features of forest typology on the Ufa Plateau. For the first time, the height-age structure of linden undergrowth was analyzed by an anatomical method, which allowed accurate determination of the actual plant age and linear increment. The results of this analysis made it possible to reveal three periods in the development of linden undergrowth with respect to the linear growth rate and abundance of plants. More successful regeneration of linden was observed in open elements of relief.