水中苯、笨酚在有机膨润土上的共同吸附作用研究

研究了水中苯和苯酚在系列有机膨润土上的共同吸附作用。结果表明，有机膨润土对混合溶质水溶液中极性有机物苯酚的吸附能力强于对单一溶质水溶液中2种有机物的吸附能力，表现出较强的协同吸附能力。协同吸附作用主要由吸附态的有机物进一步增强了有机物在有机膨润土上的分配作用所致。溶液中高浓义苯酚的存在使有机膨润土对苯的吸附能力减弱。     

论我国公共资源安全问题

介绍了公共资源及公共资源安全的概念,探讨了公共资源的安全问题与中国经济和社会发展的关系.结合6个具体案例分析了中国现有的公共资源安全问题.给出公共资源安全的风险管理的概念和评价方法,并以此为基础,提出6条保证公共资源安全的对策.     

What’s missing from Ostrom? Combining design principles with the theory of sociocultural viability

Since 1990, Elinor Ostrom’s design principles for common property resource (CPR) institutions have been highly influential, offering a counter to pessimistic arguments about resource users’ prospects of cooperating to manage CPRs sustainably. However, the theoretical underpinnings of Ostrom’s theory have been criticised: as unfairly negative towards macro-level interventions; as utilising an overly narrow conceptualisation of rationality; and under appreciative of the role of power. These criticisms are examined using insights drawn from the theory of sociocultural viability (cultural theory, for short), a theory of plural rationality related to context. Utilising the case of Faroese whaling, the research aim is to assess the extent that cultural theory ameliorates criticisms laid at Ostrom’s design principles. It finds that Ostrom’s research trajectory was reaching the limits of methodological individualism’s ability to grasp rational behaviour and suggests the design principles may in effect be integrated with cultural theory.     

碳汇生态产品的科学内涵、价值评估与实现路径

在碳达峰碳中和与共同富裕双重目标驱动下,拓展和完善生态产品价值实现机制具有重大的理论与现实意义。本文界定了碳汇生态产品的概念内涵,根据功能属性将其划分为生态调节类碳汇生态产品和物质供给类碳汇生态产品,总结了两类产品对应的实物量核算与价值量评估方法。在此基础上,提出了政府主导、市场主导和耦合互馈的碳汇生态产品价值实现路径,并提出了相应的政策保障建议。研究认为,碳汇生态产品不仅是生态产品价值实现的创新举措,也是推动碳达峰碳中和目标与共同富裕协同实现的重要路径。     

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会:基于新制度经济学的视角

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,需要在人与自然和谐发展的共有信念下,通过制度创新和制度变迁,实现个体理性向集体理性的收敛。制度变迁是构建资源节约型、环境友好型社会的关键所在,而制度变迁的内在机理是资源相对价格和人们消费偏好的变迁。通过强制性制度变迁,建立完善的法律法规体系、政策支持体系、技术创新体系和激励约束机制,形成低投入、低消耗、低排放和高效率的节约型增长方式;通过诱致性制度变迁,唤起公众的节约意识和环保意识,从而提升整个社会的环境责任感,让足够的认知成为公众自觉行动的能力。     

试论经济合同文字表达问题

随着商品经济的迅速发展,因经济合同文字表达不当引起的纠纷时有发生.其常见弊病主要以下几个方面:一是条款规定不明确。致使理解不一;二是必要条款残缺或欠具体;三是词不达意造成误解或曲解;四是粗心疏漏.误写.本文主要通过一些具体的经济合同案例来说明这些问题,以引起人们警示,从而避免出现类似现象.     

Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.     

Land Cover and Use Changes in Relation to the Institutional Framework and Tenure of Land and Resources in Eastern Tanzania Miombo Woodlands

In Tanzania, well-defined land tenure and resource protection apply in forest reserves which account for 30% of forested land, while the remaining 70% (mostly miombo woodlands) are village and general lands with very limited protection. The aim of this study was to determine local peoples ownership rights, knowledge and institutional capacity for sustainable management of resources in forest reserves and general lands. Data were collected using participatory rural appraisal, structured and semi-structured interviews, as well as aerial photographs and landsat images. In general lands, woodlands declined by 50% between 1964 and 1996, bushlands and croplands increased by 599%, and settlements and homegardens increased by 277%. These land use and vegetation structure changes are attributed to harvesting for charcoal production and shifting cultivation. The continued decline in aerial woodland cover in the general lands suggests that common property regimes do not function in the area. Local institutional capacities are weak in enforcing control mechanisms to check the overuse of resources, which tends to approximate open access conditions. The issues of land tenure and village empowerment are not only institutional, but also political in nature. Government institutions should provide and motivate for an enabling environment, including acknowledgement of traditional knowledge, well-defined property rights and operational village by-laws. In order to ensure equity and sustainable development of natural resources, the paradigm shift in management is important whereby communal goods are to be managed for the benefit of the local society.     

使用开关电源的产品的电磁干扰抑制对策实例

本文简要介绍了开关电源产生电磁干扰的机理以及滤波的原理,并结合实例论述了一种较为实用的开关电源电磁干扰抑制方法。     

Inclusive development,oil extraction and climate change: a multilevel analysis of Kenya

There has been considerable research on North–South issues on climate change; however, little work has been done on how the recent discovery of oil in some developing countries could affect North–South relations, the prospects for development for the South, climate change and local socio-environmental issues. Using the theory of inclusive development, the concept of the Right to Development, and their relation to stranded assets, this paper addresses the question: what does inclusive development imply at the national and global level in dealing with oil extraction in the context of climate change? Based on a literature review and a layered case study of Kenya, this paper concludes that (a) Kenyans argue that Kenya has a right to extract and use oil resources and that rich countries should reduce their extraction and use; (b) such a claim could be integrated in an appropriate emissions trading scheme; and that (c) Kenya should also account for the national and local socioecological aspects to reduce potential local conflict, yet the conditions favoring inclusive development are not yet established. However, such an argument may also lead to perverse results. If addressing climate change requires phasing out fossil fuels, this argument may lead to stranded assets in both developed and developing countries, and may ironically leave developing countries poorer off as stranded assets are possibly more expensive than having stranded resources.