Antennal responses of the western pine beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus brevicomis</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to stem volatiles of its primary host, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus ponderosa</Emphasis>, and nine sympatric nonhost angiosperms and conifers

Summary. Stem volatile extracts from ten trees that are sympatric with the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were assayed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis (GC-EAD). The extracts were from the primary host, ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. (Pinaceae); two nonhost angiosperms, California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb. (Fagaceae), and quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae); and seven nonhost conifers, white fir, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (Pinaceae), incense cedar, Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin (Cupressaceae), Sierra lodgepole pine, P. contorta murrayana Grev. & Balf. (Pinaceae), Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. (Pinaceae), sugar pine, P. lambertiana Dougl. (Pinaceae), Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), and mountain hemlock, Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (Pinaceae). Sixty-four compounds were identified from the ten trees, 42 of which elicited antennal responses in D. brevicomis, usually in both sexes. In addition, several synthetic compounds, including a number of the antennally-active compounds from the extracted trees and some bark beetle pheromone components, elicited antennal responses in a manner similar to that observed with the extracts. Of the antennally-active compounds known to be present in trees sympatric with D. brevicomis, only geraniol was unique to its host. Four antennally-active compounds were found in the host and in other conifers; five compounds were found only in nonhost conifers; eight compounds were found in either or both of the nonhost angiosperms; eight compounds were found in either or both of the angiosperms and in nonhost conifers, but not in the host; and 19 were found in both the host and in angiosperms and/or nonhost conifers. Several bark beetle pheromone components were found in the stem volatile extracts. Conophthorin was identified from both nonhost angiosperms; exo-brevicomin was identified in A. concolor; verbenone was identified from a number of nonhost conifers; and chalcogran was identified from P. tremuloides. The number of nonhost volatile chemicals that D. brevicomis encounters and is capable of detecting, and the diversity of sources from which they emanate, highlight the complexity of the olfactory environment in which D. brevicomis forages. This provides a basis for further work related to chemically-mediated aspects of foraging in this insect and perhaps other coniferophagous bark beetles, and highlights the need to consider foraging context in the design and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for tree protection.     

广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林的群落结构动态

根据对广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林群落相隔６ａ的两次植被调查，分析了广州白云山次生常绿阔叶林在保护条件下，自然演变过程中的群落结构动态．群落的垂直结构变化主要以大量幼树进入第一层成树为特点；水平结构则以密度和盖度的增长为特点．在种类组成方面，６ａ前群落中居多的阳性树种现已逐渐为耐阴性较强的种类所代替．在组织结构水平上，乔木层的物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指标趋于增加，而生态优势度指标趋于降低，反映了群落向着组成结构复杂、物种多样性增高的方面演变，且前期变化速度较快，后期较慢并趋于稳定．     

城市生态学基本原理的探讨

城市生态学是一门正在发展中的生态学分支,因其产生历史较短,而尚未形成一套成熟的理论体系和研究方法.本文试图应用生态学基本原理来探讨城市生态系统的性质和特点,初步提出了城市生态学的一些原理和研究城市生态系统的指导原则,并提出了环境承载力—人类社会行为和生态环境之间的界面在城市生态系统研究的地位和作用.     

构筑城市抗震设防建设地震安全社区

本文从加强防震减灾规划，加强建设工程抗震设防，加强地震应急救援能力以及增强公众防震减灾意识四方面进行分析，阐明为了建设地震安全社区，必须重视城市的抗震设防工作。     

青藏铁路建设中生态环境保护措施

“生态脆弱”是青藏铁路建设面临的主要难题之一,青藏铁路沿线生态环境具有特殊性、敏感性、脆弱性和区域差异性等特征,因此,在青藏铁路的设计和建设中采取了多种有效的工程措施对生态环境进行保护,监测结果表明青藏铁路建设环境保护在中国重点工程建设项目中处于领先水平。     

煤矿开采沉陷区综合整治与生态恢复的研究

煤炭资源大多分布在中国的生态脆弱区或粮食生产区,煤矿开采沉陷导致大量的土地遭受破坏,根据煤矿区地表沉陷的特点,利用采煤沉陷地复垦方法,对沉陷区进行综合整治及生态恢复,使受轻度影响的耕地经过简单整治全部可以恢复原有生产力;受中度影响的耕地经过复垦整治可恢复生产能力;受重度影响的耕地采用铲运机械分层剥离分层回填工艺,可恢复耕地功能.     

产业生态学与生态产业建设战略研究

介绍了产业生态学的特征和基本原则,提出了生态产业的概念、特点及其建设战略。     

Remediation of Cu and As contaminated water and soil utilizing biochar supported layered double hydroxide: Mechanisms and soil environment altering

Preparing materials for simultaneous remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals contamination has always been the focus of research. Herein a biochar supported FeMnMg layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites (LB) for simultaneous remediation of copper and arsenic contamination in water and soil has been assembled by a facile co-precipitation approach. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies of heavy metals removal by LB were applied to look into the adsorption performance of adsorbents in water. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cu and As by LB were investigated, showing that Cu in aqueous solution was removed by the isomorphic substitution, precipitation and electrostatic adsorption while As was removed by complexation. In addition, the availability of Cu and As in the soil incubation experiments was reduced by 35.54%–63.00% and 8.39%–29.04%, respectively by using LB. Meanwhile, the addition of LB increased the activities of urease and sucrase by 93.78%–374.35% and 84.35%–520.04%, respectively, of which 1% of the dosage was the best. A phenomenon was found that the richness and structure of microbial community became vigorous within 1% dosage of LB, which indirectly enhanced the passivation and stabilization of heavy metals. These results indicated that the soil environment was significantly improved by LB. This research demonstrates that LB would be an imaginably forceful material for the remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals in contaminated water and soil.     

从“治”到“化”的规模化养殖场废物处理的循环经济模式

首先讨论了“治”字思维模式下,我国禽畜养殖业规模化养殖场存在污染物既不经济又不环保的严峻现实问题。事实上,规模化禽畜养殖场产生的“废物”,既是严重的污染源,又是一种必须利用的资源。因此,针对规模化养殖场的污染物“治”字思维问题,在立足于粪便及污水的综合利用100%“资源化”的“化”字思维指导下,遵循循环经济原则,建立无废无污开放式闭合循环的生态经济新模式。一方面,养殖业所有流程按循环利用原则,实行生态工艺或无废工艺的改造;另一方面,在一个大的区域里把畜禽养殖业与其它产业,特别是大农业中的种植业以生态经济循环链锁关系配置成首尾相接的“废料—原料”的循环经济新模式,在达到边际成本最低的同时取得边际效益的最大化。     

"猪、沼、果(蔬菜)"能源生态工程实例

新安江万秋生态养殖场实施"猪、沼、果(蔬菜)"能源生态模式工程,其采用三级厌氧消化工艺,以沼气为纽带,连接种养业,不仅有效处理养殖污染物,保护农村生态环境,而且通过农业废弃物的资源化利用,增收节支,提高生态农业生产能力,实现农业增效,农民增收的目的.该工程不仅做到经济和环境保护双赢,而且为建设社会主义新农村起到了很好的示范作用.