Fe对污水和污泥处理过程中微生物和工艺性能的影响

铁元素作为微生物体内生化所必须的微量元素,影响微生物的生长及污水处理效果。分析了污水和污泥处理过程中,不同浓度和不同价态Fe促进微生物酶的合成和酶促反应的机理,概括了可能导致的微生物群落结构改变的因素;总结了Fe对EPS的分泌、絮体结构的影响,以及Fe加速生物膜的形成和污泥颗粒化的原理。从工艺角度总结了铁元素对UASB、MBR、污泥厌氧消化和生物制氢等工艺的作用,旨在为未来Fe及其他金属元素促进污水处理中微生物活性技术的研究提供思路及借鉴。     

Temporal and spatial changes of microbial community in an industrial effluent receiving area in Hangzhou Bay

Anthropogenic activities usually contaminate water environments, and have led to the eutrophication of many estuaries and shifts in microbial communities. In this study, the temporal and spatial changes of the microbial community in an industrial effluent receiving area in Hangzhou Bay were investigated by 454 pyrosequencing. The bacterial community showed higher richness and biodiversity than the archaeal community in all sediments. Proteobacteria dominated in the bacterial communities of all the samples; Marine_Group_Ⅰ and Methanomicrobia were the two dominant archaeal classes in the effluent receiving area. PCoA and AMOVA revealed strong seasonal but minor spatial changes in both bacterial and archaeal communities in the sediments. The seasonal changes of the bacterial community were less significant than those of the archaeal community, which mainly consisted of fluctuations in abundance of a large proportion of longstanding species rather than the appearance and disappearance of major archaeal species. Temperature was found to positively correlate with the dominant bacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and negatively correlate with the dominant archaea,Marine_Group_Ⅰ; and might be the primary driving force for the seasonal variation of the microbial community.     

安徽某铁矿酸性矿山废水夏季和秋季微生物群落结构特征

分别采集了夏秋两季安徽某铁矿的酸性矿山废水样品,分析其物理化学参数,并利用分子生物学方法研究了该酸性矿山废水中微生物群落结构随时间和空间的变化规律.结果表明:该矿山废水酸性极强,夏季所采样品pH在2.80左右,且阴阳离子含量很高,Al~(3+)为1108~1138mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)则高达19.80~23.79 g·L~(-1).秋季样品p H没有明显变化,但由于两次采样期间的大量降水,样品中各离子含量明显低于夏季.值得注意的是,该极端酸性的矿山废水中叶绿素a含量较高,夏季达63.8~94.2μg·L~(-1),秋季则降至16.6~32.7μg·L~(-1).无论是在夏季还是秋季,Alphaproteobacteria在绝大多数位点的细菌群落中占据着优势地位.化能异养菌Acidiphilium是最主要的细菌菌属,它在夏季和秋季各位点群落中所占比例都达20%左右,这应该与其丰富的代谢方式有关.对于真核微生物群落,夏季主要为尖毛虫和小球藻,秋季主要为棕鞭藻和小球藻.小球藻是该酸性生态系统主要的生产者,尖毛虫和棕鞭藻则扮演着顶级消费者的角色.该酸性废水应处于酸水形成末期,所以细菌群落中化能异养菌占据着优势地位,化能自养菌比例较少.由于温度等理化性质的不同,微生物群落结构随时间和空间发生了一定变化,其中以真核微生物群落结构变化最为显著.     

基于PLFA法分析亚硝氮、硝氮和氨氮对厌氧微生物细菌群落的影响

利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术研究了亚硝氮、硝氮和氨氮在不同浓度水平下对中温厌氧颗粒污泥中厌氧细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,高浓度亚硝氮(360 mg·L-1,以N计)、硝氮(300 mg·L-1,以N计)和氨氮(3000 mg·L-1,以N计)使系统COD去除率分别下降至3.49%、10.85%和71.53%,并使污泥表面主要细菌由杆菌变为球状菌;亚硝氮和硝氮引起厌氧细菌和革兰氏阳性菌的含量下降,氨氮引起革兰氏阴性菌的含量下降;PLFA香农-威尔多样性指数随着亚硝氮和硝氮浓度的升高从1.12分别下降至0.96和1.03,氨氮对PLFA香农-威尔多样性指数无明显影响.     

最大熵(Maxent)模型在物种栖息地研究中的应用

最大熵(Maxent)模型是以生态位理论为基础的新兴研究领域,它通过有限的物种分布点数据及其相关的环境信息组成训练样本,利用基于数据驱动的机器学习理论分析推算出物种的生态需求,然后将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间中预测物种的潜在分布和实际分布.近年来,该模型在生态学和生物多样性保护等研究中越发重要,文章介绍了Maxent模型的基本原理,从物种栖息地需求分析、气候变化对物种分布的影响、物种入侵监测以及自然保护区的选择和规划设计等方面阐述Maxent模型在物种栖息地研究中的应用.     

生物质炭对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响

在邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)污染的不同类型土壤(有机质含量低的新垦红壤、有机质含量高的熟化红壤)中添加不同种类(稻草炭、毛竹炭)以及不同用量(0%、0.5%和2%)的生物质炭,温室种植上海青并在56 d后采集土样,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)考察了土壤类型、生物质炭种类以及用量对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明:对细菌、真菌及微生物总PLFA这三者的含量而言,熟化红壤显著(p0.05)高于新垦红壤,熟化红壤中添加2%稻草炭使其显著(p0.05)增加,新垦红壤中添加毛竹炭使其显著(p0.05)降低.新垦红壤中添加2%稻草炭对革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌比值的增加效果最显著(p0.05),添加2%毛竹炭对土壤微生物群落Shannon指数的降低效果最显著(p0.05).添加2%稻草炭对DBP污染土壤中微生物压力指数降低效果最显著(p0.05).生物质炭对熟化红壤中真菌/细菌、革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌及微生物群落Shannon指数均无显著影响.PCA分析表明,土壤有机质含量以及生物质炭的种类和用量均会对土壤微生物群落结构产生一定影响,且生物质炭的影响与土壤有机质含量密切相关.     

Man in the Light of Current Ecological Problems

The interaction of man and nature is considered in terms of classical ecology, which is becoming a synthetic systemic science based on a set of other sciences. The divisions of modern human ecology that deal with different organizational levels of ecological systems have been developed to different degrees. Attention is given to the necessity of discrediting the mechanistic concept of opposition between man and nature and taking into account the specific ecological functions of man related to group adaptation (culture), as well as the global role of all living organisms in the maintenance of environmental conditions on Earth.     

Latent Extinction and Invasion Risk of Crayfishes in the Southeastern United States

Abstract: Crayfishes are both a highly imperiled invertebrate group as well as one that has produced many invasive species, which have negatively affected freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. We performed a trait analysis for 77 crayfishes from the southeastern United States in an attempt to understand which biological and ecological traits make these species prone to imperilment or invasion, and to predict which species may face extinction or become invasive in the future. We evaluated biological and ecological traits with principal coordinate analysis and classification trees. Invasive and imperiled crayfishes occupied different positions in multivariate trait space, although crayfishes invasive at different scales (extraregional vs. extralimital) were also distinct. Extraregional crayfishes (large, high fecundity, habitat generalists) were most distinct from imperiled crayfishes (small, low fecundity, habitat specialists), thus supporting the “two sides of the same coin” hypothesis. Correct classification rates for assignment of crayfishes as invasive or imperiled were high (70–80%), even when excluding the highly predictive but potentially confounding trait of range size (75–90%). We identified a number of species that, although not currently listed as imperiled or found outside their native range, possess many of the life‐history and ecological traits characteristic of currently invasive or imperiled taxa. Such species exhibit a high latent risk of extinction or invasion and consequently should be the focus of proactive conservation or management strategies. Our results illustrate the utility of trait‐based approaches for taxonomic groups such as invertebrates, for which detailed species‐specific data are rare and conservation resources are chronically limited.     

Evaluating the Effects of Anthropogenic Stressors on Source‐Sink Dynamics in Pond‐Breeding Amphibians

Although interwetland dispersal is thought to play an important role in regional persistence of pond‐breeding amphibians, few researchers have modeled amphibian metapopulation or source‐sink dynamics. Results of recent modeling studies suggest anthropogenic stressors, such as pollution, can negatively affect density and population viability of amphibians breeding in isolated wetlands. Presumably population declines also result in reduced dispersal to surrounding (often uncontaminated) habitats, potentially affecting dynamics of nearby populations. We used our data on the effects of mercury (Hg) on the American toad ( Bufo americanus) as a case study in modeling the effects of anthropogenic stressors on landscape‐scale amphibian dynamics. We created a structured metapopulation model to investigate regional dynamics of American toads and to evaluate the degree to which detrimental effects of Hg contamination on individual populations can disrupt interpopulation dynamics. Dispersal from typical American toad populations supported nearby populations that would otherwise have been extirpated over long time scales. Through support of such sink populations, dispersal between wetland‐associated subpopulations substantially increased overall productivity of wetland networks, but this effect declined with increasing interwetland distance and decreasing wetland size. Contamination with Hg substantially reduced productivity of wetland‐associated subpopulations and impaired the ability of populations to support nearby sinks within relevant spatial scales. Our results add to the understanding of regional dynamics of pond‐breeding amphibians, the wide‐reaching negative effects of environmental contaminants, and the potential for restoration or remediation of degraded habitats. Evaluación de los Efectos de Estresantes Antropogénicos sobre la Dinámica Fuente‐Vertedero en Anfibios que se Reproducen en Charcas