处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中的厌氧氨氧化菌群特征

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)是潜流湿地净化污水的重要功能,目前关于潜流湿地厌氧氨氧化特征还不清楚.为了解处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中的厌氧氨氧化特点,采用16S rRNA基因克隆文库和实时荧光定量PCR技术以及多样性分析等方法,对处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的结构、多样性和丰度进行了研究分析.结果表明,处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中存在Candidatus brocadia和Candidatus kuenenia这2类已知的ANAMMOX菌和3类未知的ANAMMOX菌,其优势种群为Candidatus brocadia;在不同季节中,秋季潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的多样性最高(H',1.21),春季最低(H',0.64);在养殖周期内,潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的丰度(以鲜重计,下同)在8.0×104~9.4×106copies·g-1之间,总细菌丰度在7.3×109~9.1×1010copies·g-1之间;在潜流湿地不同层面以及不同季节中,ANAMMOX菌的丰度存在着明显的差异,总细菌丰度则差异不明显,ANAMMOX菌的丰度在不同层面上的差异没有随时间变化的规律性.根据潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的分布特征,改变养殖污水布水方式和调整湿地结构可以提高潜流湿地的反硝化效果.该研究为进一步优化潜流湿地结构,提高净化养殖污水效率提供了依据.     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

Dynamics of bacterial community of Suillus granulatus mushroom shiro in Pine (Pinus tabuliformis) forests北大核心CSCD

To evaluate bacterial community variation in the mushroom shiro of Suillus granulatus during fruiting, we collected soil samples from the mushroom shiro in the pine (Pinus tabuliformis) forest of mountainous area in Beijing from May to November and evaluated the bacterial community using polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Total soil DNA was extracted using a commercial soil DNA isolation kit. PCR amplification and DGGE were performed using bacterial universal primers 338F and 518R. The specific bands were excised from the gel and sequenced. The results revealed that soil bacterial community maintained considerably high level and changed seasonally with the mushroom fruiting. In total, 53 bands of DGGE profiles were sequenced and divided into 5 phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and 22 genera (Acidobacterium, Aminobacter, et al). Species from Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacterial groups sharing considerably high relative abundance, while class a-Proteobacteria was the most abundant group. The variation of the relative abundance of γ-Proteobacteria species was consistent with the mushroom fruiting season. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria species obviously increased before mushroom flush (in July). The fruiting of S. granulatus and the relative abundance of γ-Proteobacteria were correlated with each other. The present study provided a basis for conservation and domestication of mushroom S. granulatus.     

贵阳市城区大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)的污染特征与季节变化规律

于2013年6月至2014年5月在贵阳市城区设置采样点,利用国产武汉天虹智能采样器连续一年采集大气颗粒物(PM2.5)样品共357个,采用HOBO U30气象仪同步记录气象数据。气象数据分析表明贵阳市春、秋和冬季均为东北风,夏季多南风且风速较大,全年以东北风为主。结合气象数据分析了贵阳市市区PM2.5污染特征并初步讨论其来源。结果表明:PM2.5日浓度范围为4~193μg/m3,平均值为70±33μg/m3,日超标率为46%。以季节来看,夏季PM2.5浓度最低,冬季最高,秋、春季次之。PM2.5主要来源于工业排放与燃煤污染。与国内其它城市研究相比,处于轻度污染水平。     

Determination of the archaeal and bacterial communities in two-phase and single-stage anaerobic systems by 454 pyrosequencing

2-Phase anaerobic digestion (AD), where the acidogenic phase was operated at 2 day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the methanogenic phase at 10 days HRT, had been evaluated to determine if it could provide higher organic reduction and methane production than the conventional single-stage AD (also operated at 12 days HRT). 454 pyrosequencing was performed to determine and compare the microbial communities. The acidogenic reactor of the 2-phase system yielded a unique bacterial community of the lowest richness and diversity, while bacterial profiles of the methanogenic reactor closely followed the single-stage reactor. All reactors were predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens, mainly Methanolinea. Unusually, the acidogenic reactor contributed up to 24% of total methane production in the 2-phase system. This could be explained by the presence of Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter, and their activities could also help regulate reactor alkalinity during high loading conditions through carbon dioxide production. The enrichment of hydrolytic and acidogenic Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and unclassified Bacteroidetes in the acidogenic reactor would have contributed to the improved sludge volatile solids degradation, and ultimately the overall 2-phase system''s performance. Syntrophic acetogenic microorganisms were absent in the acidogenic reactor but present in the downstream methanogenic reactor, indicating the retention of various metabolic pathways also found in a single-stage system. The determination of key microorganisms further expands our understanding of the complex biological functions in AD process.     

Molecular characterization of microbial communities in bioaerosols of a coal mine by 454 pyrosequencing and real-time PCR

Microbial diversity and abundance in bioaerosols of a coal mine were analyzed based on 454 pyrosequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR). A total of 37,191 high quality sequences were obtained and could be classified into 531, 1730 and 448 operational taxonomic units respectively for archaea, bacteria and fungi at 97% sequence similarity. The Shannon diversity index for archaea, bacteria and fungi was respectively 4.71, 6.29 and 3.86, indicating a high diversity in coal mine bioaerosols. Crenarchaeota, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla for archaea, bacteria and fungi, respectively. The concentrations of total archaea, bacteria and fungi were 1.44 × 108, 1.02 × 108 and 9.60 × 104cells/m3, respectively.Methanotrophs observed in bioaerosols suggested possible methane oxidation in the coal mine. The identified potential pathogens to coal miners, such as Acinetobacter schindleri,Aeromonas cavernicola, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus penicillioides, Cladosporium cladosporioides,and Penicillium brevicompactum were also observed. This was the first investigation of microbial diversity and abundance in coal mine bioaerosols. The investigation of microbial communities would be favorable in promoting the progress of methane control based on microbial technique and concern on coal miners’ health.     

海河干流浮游植物调查及环境影响因子研究

为研究海河干流汛期富营养化状况,于2013年8月对海河干流进行了浮游植物调查和水质监测,并采用冗余分析(RDA),研究了浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明,浮游植物共计5门37种(属),优势种为水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus)、颤藻属(Oscillatoria sp.)、钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana).浮游植物丰度范围为583.00～12 021.00×104 cells·L-1,生物量范围为4.01 ～45.70 mg·L-1,以蓝藻为主,海河干流处于重富营养状态.RDA分析结果表明,硝酸盐氮是显著影响海河干流浮游植物丰度变化的主要环境因子.控制营养盐的输入是防治海河干流蓝藻水华的主要措施.     

镜泊湖流域浮游植物群落及其功能类群的时空演替特征研究

为了解镜泊湖流域浮游植物群落的时空变化特征,于2013年对镜泊湖流域进行了采样调查.共检测出浮游植物7门81种(属),以硅藻和绿藻为主,分属17个功能类群.时间上,春季浮游植物丰度、叶绿素含量和功能类群丰度均高于秋季.空间上,春季镜泊湖流域浮游植物丰度和叶绿素含量湖泊区＞汇水区＞出水区,秋季汇水区＞湖泊区＞出水区.多维尺度分析表明,镜泊湖流域不同区域之间浮游植物群落组成存在显著的空间差异.     

南水北调东线水源核心区浮游植物多样性状况与评价研究

分别于2013年4月、8月、10月和2014年1月对南水北调东线水源核心区河流浮游植物群落结构、浮游植物密度进行调查,并利用多样性指数进行水质评价.区域共检出浮游植物5门34科67属118种,春秋两季物种数较多,夏冬两季物种数较少.优势种为蓝藻门小席藻( Phormidium.tenue)、绿藻门小球藻( Chlorella.pyrenoidosa)、硅藻门变异直链藻( Melosira.varians).区域浮游植物密度为3.5 ×105 cells/L,Shannon-wiener指数为2.32,Margalef指数为1.06,Pielou均匀度指数为0.54,水质为寡污-中污水平.     

Salinity influence on soil microbial respiration rate of wetland in the Yangtze River estuary through changing microbial community

Estuarine wetland, where freshwater mixes with salt water, comprises different regions（rivers and marine ecosystems） with significantly varying tidal salinities. Two sampling areas, ZXS and JS, were selected to investigate the effect of tidal salinity on soil respiration（SR）. ZXS and JS were located in Zhongxia Shoal and Jiangyanan Shoal of Jiuduansha Wetland respectively, with similar elevation and plant species, but significantly different in salinity. The results showed that with almost identical plant biomass, the SR and soil microbial respiration（SMR） of the tidal wetland with lower salinity（JS） were significantly higher than those of the tidal wetland with higher salinity（ZXS）（p 〈 0.05）. However, unlike SMR and SR, the difference in the soil microbial biomass（SMB） was not significant（p 〉 0.05）with the SMB of ZXS a little higher than that of JS. The higher SMR and SR of JS may be closely connected to the soil microbial community structures and amount of dominant bacteria. Abundant β- and γ-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in JS soil, which have strong heterotrophic metabolic capabilities, could be the main reason for higher SMR and SR,whereas a high number of ε-Proteobacteria in ZXS, some of which have carbon fixation ability, could be responsible for relatively lower carbon output. Path analysis indicated that soil salinity had the maximum negative total influencing coefficient with SMR among the various soil physical and chemical factors, suggesting that higher soil salinity, restricting highly heterotrophic bacteria, is the principle reason for lower SMR and SR in the ZXS.