饮用水砂滤池中微生物对微量污染物的降解潜力与途径

砂滤池已广泛应用于饮用水处理中,已有研究证明砂滤池能有效降解部分微量污染物,但对其降解途径和降解微生物缺乏深入探讨.据此,本研究首先采集2个实际饮用水厂滤池中的石英砂和锰砂滤料,通过宏基因组分析了滤料对阿替洛尔、阿特拉津、磺胺嘧啶和卡马西平的降解基因和相关降解微生物.结果表明,锰砂滤池生丝微菌科和石英砂滤池中的假单胞菌属具有将阿特拉津转化为羟基阿特拉津的潜力;砂滤池含多种分泌阿替洛尔酰胺水解酶的微生物,具有将阿替洛尔转换为阿替洛尔酸的能力;在滤池中广泛存在单、双加氧酶和细胞色素P450,能将阿特拉津、磺胺嘧啶和卡马西平氧化.进一步通过培养实验验证了滤料对这4种微量污染物的降解途径.本研究最后对其它9个实际水厂砂滤池滤料的宏基因组分析发现所有砂滤池都含有丰富的酰胺水解酶、加氧酶和细胞色素P450,说明饮用水砂滤池都具有降解多种微量污染物的潜力.     

投加颗粒活性炭和二氧化锰对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

厌氧系统添加碳和金属纳米材料是强化厌氧消化的有效策略.为考察投加GAC和MnO₂对剩余污泥厌氧消化过程的影响,设置了空白组（R0）、GAC组（R1）、MnO₂组（R2）以及GAC/MnO₂组（R3）4组间歇实验,研究GAC和MnO₂的投加对剩余污泥厌氧消化效率、微生物活性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,反应器运行28 d后,与R0相比,R1和R3的产CH₄速率分别提高了68.18%和51.35%,R2的产CH₄量降低了21.25%.GAC和MnO₂的单独或者混合投加,对厌氧发酵过程均有促进作用.Mn²⁺与剩余污泥释放的磷酸盐生成磷酸盐沉淀对厌氧代谢通道的阻塞作用,造成R2产CH₄效率变低.GAC优良导电性、吸附能力和MnO₂/Mn²⁺的催化作用是R3产CH₄效率增强的主要原因.正常代谢条件下,投加GAC、MnO₂和GAC/MnO₂均可以提高污泥厌氧消化系统微生物活性.微生物群落分析表明,GAC和MnO₂促进了产甲烷菌Methanobacterium和Methanosaeta的富集,强化了发酵细菌和产甲烷菌的种间电子传递,促进了剩余污泥厌氧发酵过程和CH₄的产生.     

分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征

好氧不产氧光合细菌（aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB）以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度（以pufM基因计）变化范围为（6.70±0.43）×10³~（2.69±0.15）×10⁴ copies·mL^-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属（除未分类菌属外）,优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）和甲烷菌属（Methylobacterium sp.）,两者隶属α-变形菌（α-Proteobacteria）,其中慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）占比于11月最高,高达60%以上（除10 m外）,此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属（Rubrivivax sp.）,隶属β-变形菌（β-Proteobacteria）.AAPB不同属间存在较强的互作关系,如红杆菌属（Rhodobacter sp.）与小红卵菌属（Rhodovulum sp.）呈正相关,噬氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga sp.）与慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）呈负相关等.AAPB种群结构组成及分布差异显著,主要受T、TN、NO₃^--N和光照强度影响,且由环境因素综合调控.如10月水深0、5和15 m水体AAPB种群结构受水温（T）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）显著影响,12月水深5 m水体AAPB种群结构受光照强度、pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a（Chla）显著影响等.研究结果对解析分层型水库水体AAPB丰度和多样性的时空变化特征具有指导意义,并为探索AAPB种群结构的水环境驱动因素提供理论依据.     

连续流SNAD工艺处理猪场沼液启动过程中微生物种群演变及脱氮性能

为了实现合建式连续流同步部分亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification,ANAMMOX,and denitrification)工艺处理实际猪场沼液,保持温度为(30±1)℃,控制溶解氧(DO)为(0.4±0.1)mg·L~(-1),首先通过逐步提高模拟进水氨氮浓度来实现SNAD工艺的启动,然后实现SNAD工艺处理实际猪场沼液的稳定运行.同时,采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR(qPCR)技术对反应器启动前后及沼液替换成功时关键生物种群进行分析.结果表明,150 d左右可实现SNAD工艺的启动, 298 d完成实际沼液的替换,其出水(NO~-_3-N+NO~-_2-N)/ΔNH~+_4-N小于0.11,对NH~+_4-N和TN的平均去除率为63.26%和55.71%.高通量测序结果表明,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,相对丰度50.78%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 13.34%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes, 9.26%)是沼液替换成功时污泥中的优势菌门;主要优势脱氮菌属Nitrosomonas的相对丰度由启动前1.55%增加到1.98%;两类具有厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)功能菌Candidatus_Brocadia和Candidatus_Kuenenia的相对丰度分别从启动前0.01%和未检出(0.01%)增加到4.66%和4.18%;Denitratisoma作为主要的反硝化菌,丰度由启动前未检出(0.01%)增加到2.06%.qPCR结果表明,与接种污泥相比,沼液替换成功后AOB、ANAMMOX菌和反硝化菌的含量均有明显增加.将SNAD工艺用于实际猪场沼液处理,可实现高效稳定脱氮,节约后续处理成本.     

三峡库区支流梅溪河附石藻类群落变化及其与环境因子的关系

为了解不同水文期三峡库区支流附石藻类与环境因子的关系,分别于丰水期（2016年8月）、枯水期（2016年11月）及平水期（2017年3月）这3个时期,对三峡库区支流梅溪河非回水区和回水区的26个采样点附石藻类进行采样并对其相关环境因子进行分析.结果表明,3个水情期,共鉴定出附石藻类5门47属106种（含变种）.其中,丰水期采集到73种,隶属5门38属,枯水期67种,隶属4门36属,平水期63种,隶属4门33属.丰水期、枯水期和平水期优势种分别为19种、17种和18种,丰水期的主要优势种属为曲壳藻属、束丝藻属和席藻属,枯水期为异极藻属、曲壳藻属和舟形藻属,而平水期为异极藻属、曲壳藻属和色球藻属.3个时期共有的优势种为扁圆卵形藻（Cocconeis placentula）、曲壳藻（Achnanthes sp.）、近棒形异极藻（Gomphonema subclavatum）、小型异极藻（G.parvulum）、小型舟形藻（Navicula parva）和缢缩异极藻（G.constrictum）.冗余（RDA）分析表明,回水区的附石藻类优势种相对丰度与电导率（Spc）、溶氧（DO）、pH、总磷（TP）和总氮（TN）的变化相关,而在非回水区,附石藻类优势种相对丰度主要与电导率（Spc）、pH、总磷（TP）、水温（WT）和流速（v）的变化有关.3个时期,影响附石藻类环境因子具有差异,然而,3个时期小型异极藻、缢缩异极藻和曲壳藻等优势种的相对丰度均与总磷呈负相关,与pH呈正相关.这些结果表明三峡库区不同水文期及水环境变化对附石藻类群落组成具有重要影响,导致群落结构发生变化.     

达里湖表层水体浮游细菌群落结构的夏-冬季节差异

为探索寒旱区湖泊在夏季非冰封开放、冬季冰冻近封闭等状态差异下表水中典型理化指标和浮游细菌群落结构差异,利用2018年7月和2019年1月采集的内蒙古达里湖41个表水(冰)样品,基于16S rRNA高通量测序和典型理化指标含量分析,讨论了浮游细菌群落结构特征及其对氮(N)和磷(P)元素等理化指标的夏-冬季节差异的响应.首先,夏季表水(夏水)中N和P及电导率(EC)等指标参数相对含量明显高于冬季(包含冬季表水-冬水和湖冰-冰体),且Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Cyanobacteria等构成夏水、冬水和冰体中广泛存在的优势浮游细菌门类(相对丰度大于1％).不过,夏水中优势浮游细菌门类数量明显多于冬水和冰体,如Deinococcus-Thermus、Tenericutes和Firmicutes等仅在夏水中为优势菌门;其次,夏-冬季环境条件差异,特别是冬季"冰-水"内部状态改变,不仅引起表水富营养化程度明显差异,还导致优势细菌门类对N和P等营养元素及EC、溶解氧(DO)、冰厚(thickness)和化学需氧量(COD)等理化指标变化产生差异性响应.整体上,虽然聚类及分型结果将样品主要分为冰、水两种类别,且冰体中各理化指标参数对优势菌属相对丰度变化的影响最显著,但冰体优势菌属主要受到结冰过程引起的湖泊内部环境(如不同形态P元素迁移和冰厚等)变化的影响,而冬水和夏水优势菌属则受到外部环境[如水深(depth)和溶解性总固体(TDS)等]变化的影响较为明显.     

Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in response to various habitats in Pearl River Delta of China, a subtropical maritime zone

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are widely considered key to ammonia oxidation in various environments. However, little work has been conducted to simultaneously investigate the abundance and diversity of AOA as well as correlations between archaeal amoA genotypes and environmental parameters of different ecosystems at one district. To understand the abundance, diversity, and distribution of AOA in Pearl River Delta of China in response to various habitats, the archaeal amoA genes in soil, marine, river, lake, hot spring and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples were investigated using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and clone libraries. Our analyses indicated that the diversity of AOA in various habitats was different and could be clustered into five major clades, i.e., estuary sediment, marine water/sediment, soil, hot spring and Cluster 1. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the structure of AOA communities in similar ecological habitats exhibited strong relation. The canonical correspondence method indicated that the AOA community structure was strongly correlated to temperature, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and dissolved oxygen variables. Assessing AOA amoA gene copy numbers, ranging from 6.84×10⁶ to 9.45×10⁷ copies/g in dry soil/sediment, and 6.06×10⁶ to 2.41×10⁷ copies/L in water samples, were higher than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by 1-2 orders of magnitude. However, AOA amoA copy numbers were much lower than AOB in WWTP activated sludge samples. Overall, these studies suggested that AOA may be a major contributor to ammonia oxidation in natural habitats but play a minor role in highly aerated activated sludge. The result also showed the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance was positively correlated with temperature and less correlated with other environmental parameters. New data from our study provide increasing evidence for the relative abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in the global nitrogen cycle.     

Absolute dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters

Anaerobic digestion （AD） is gaining increasing attention due to the ability to covert organic pollutants into energy-rich biogas and, accordingly, growing interest is paid to the microbial ecology of AD systems. Despite extensive efforts, AD microbial ecology is still limitedly understood, especially due to the lack of quantitative information on the structures and dynamics of AD microbial communities. Such knowledge gap is particularly pronounced in sewage sludge AD processes although treating sewage sludge is among the major practical applications of AD. Therefore, we examined the microbial communities in three full-scale sewage sludge digesters using qualitative and quantitative molecular techniques in combination： denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Eight out of eleven bacterial sequences retrieved from the DGGE analysis were not affiliated to any known species while all eleven archaeal sequences were assigned to known methanogen species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that, based on the 16S rRNA gene abundance, the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales is the most dominant methanogen group （〉 94% of the total methanogen population） in all digesters. This corresponds well to the prevailing occurrence of the DGGE bands related to Methanolinea and Methanospirillum, both belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, in all sludge samples. It is therefore suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanomicrobiales strains, are likely the major players responsible for biogas production in the digesters studied. Our observation is contrary to the conventional understanding that aceticlastic methanogens generally dominate methanogen communities in stable AD environments, suggesting the need for further studies on the dominance relationship in various AD systems.     

大气PM2.5中水溶性有机碳和类腐殖质碳的季节变化特征

2011年12月至2012年11月期间在上海市华东理工大学采样点采集PM_2.5样品,对样品中的水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和类腐殖质碳(HULIS-C)进行了测定,探讨了WSOC和HULIS-C的季节变化特征.结果表明:采样期间PM_2.5、WSOC和HULIS-C的年平均质量浓度分别为(66.19±28.59)、(4.21±1.83)和(2.69±1.36) μg·m^-3,WSOC和HULIS-C分别占PM_2.5质量的6.5%±1.7%和4.1%±1.3%.HULIS-C占WSOC质量的62.8%±11.8%,表明HULIS-C是WSOC的主要成分.WSOC和HULIS-C的质量浓度均具有显著的季节变化特征,呈现冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,而HULIS-C/WSOC比值的季节变化相对较小,其四季平均比值呈现秋冬季略高,春夏季略低的特点.WSOC和HULIS-C质量浓度与能见度、风速呈负相关,与空气污染指数(API)呈显著正相关.WSOC和HULIS-C的浓度水平可能受到多种燃烧源的综合影响,本地燃烧源的贡献不容忽视.此外,在特定气象条件下周边污染源和长距离输送对高浓度WSOC和HULIS-C也会有贡献.     

水质改善的浮游植物群落演替机制模拟研究

模拟了广州市某河流的不同水质改善阶段,并研究其对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）、斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）、短线脆杆藻（Fragilaria brevistriata）和易变裸藻（Euglena mutabilis）生长及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响.同时,考察了由4种藻类构成的人工群落的生长特征和群落演替率,以探讨河流水质改善过程中浮游植物群落演替机制.结果表明：4种藻类对氮、磷营养盐和COD_Cr等胁迫的响应程度差异及种间相互竞争作用等是水质改善过程中导致浮游植物群落演替的影响因素;水质改善初期（1~3 d）,群落演替率与改善程度呈显著的正相关关系（p<0.05）;但较长时间（约13 d）处于相对稳定的环境条件下时,群落演替速率将趋于零,从而达到一个新的稳定状态.水质的不断改善将导致浮游植物的种类和数量呈现出蓝藻和裸藻逐渐减少,而绿藻和硅藻逐渐增多的变化趋势.