A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FUTURE RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITIES1

ABSTRACT: A new method has been developed for estimating future reservoir storage capacities, allowing for sediment deposition and compaction. Reservoir sedimentation surveys for 117 reservoirs, conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey over the past 60 years, were used to determine regional constants K to represent the severity of sediment deposition in the reservoirs. More than half of the 82 water supply reservoirs investigated had records of reservoir sedimentation surveys, and their K values were calculated by using data from those sediment surveys. The average K values of the remaining non-surveyed water supply reservoirs were estimated from the regional distribution of the K values. Other important factors considered in the estimation of future reservoir storage capacities are the trap efficiency of the reservoirs and the variation of density of sediment deposits due to compaction. The model can also be used for analyzing the economics of alternative sites and of design features that can be incorporated in dams for reducing reservoir sedimentation.     

Infiltration characteristics of non-aqueous phase liquids in undisturbed loessal soil cores

The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head (3 cm) of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.     

Settle3D软件在半填半挖黄土路基变形分析中的应用*

为揭示半填半挖黄土路基的变形规律及其影响因素,为高填方黄土路基稳定性的评估提供科学依据。以国道G310典型半填半挖黄土路基为例,运用Settle3D软件对不同工况条件下的黄土路基进行精确建模与系统分析。结果表明:自然条件下路基左右侧沉降量差别不大,而降雨条件下原状黄土侧的沉降大于压实黄土侧的沉降,土层交界处沉降差异显著;降雨条件下中心点的沉降曲线在原填土交界处发生转折,表明压实效果显著;各施工阶段间沉降量差值呈非线性减小趋势,但降雨条件下的稳定时间更长。因此施工中控制路基压实度和采取合理的路基防水排水措施非常重要。     

厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82...     

Modeling military trampling effects on glacial soils in the humid continental climate of southern New York

The purpose of this research is to create a baseline model of soil compaction response to trampling and a methodology to model the effects of trampling on soil. Although trampling studies have been conducted in the past, the analysis of military training in part provides a different perspective and approach. The data showed bulk densities remained relatively constant for a time and then began to increase at an increasing rate for several hundred passes and finally leveled and remained at or below 1.30 g/cm3 through the remainder of the experiment. Mathematical models were created based on empirical data from a trampling experiment using a more standard logistical growth curve as well as curves based on Weibull and gamma cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). The experiment and the resulting models give quantifiable continuous inference on the effects of trampling, as opposed to the existing qualitative assessments. These baseline models will be the foundation for future studies of land management when trampling occurs.     

高真空击密法在京唐港首钢码头地基处理中的应用

高真空击密法是指通过真空排水-击密多遍循环,从而对淤泥粉质黏土进行地基处理的一种方法。通过工程实例,介绍了高真空击密法在京唐港首钢码头有限公司矿石、原辅料及成品泊位地基处理工程中的具体应用,并通过高真空击密法检测试验确定了地基处理施工参数,经处理后的地基增加了土体的密实度,表层形成了固结硬壳层,完成了大部分工前沉降,且地基承载力超过150kPa,能满足工程建设的要求。表明该地基处理方法在本工程中的应用是成功的,对类似工程具有重要的借鉴和推广意义。     

Impact of Grazing on Plant Species Richness, Plant Biomass, Plant Attribute, and Soil Physical and Hydrological Properties of Vertisol in East African Highlands

Understanding the problems of grazing land in vertisol areas and seeking long-lasting solutions is the central point where mixed crop livestock is the second stay for the majority of the population. In order to understand this, the current study was conducted at two sites, one with 0–4% slope and the other with 4–8% slope at Ginchi watershed, 80 km west of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the study were to quantify changes in plant species richness, biomass, plant cover, and soil physical and hydrological properties. The grazing regimes were: moderate grazing (regulated), heavy grazing (free grazing), and no grazing (closed to any grazing), which was considered the control treatment. The results showed that the biomass yield in nongrazed plots was higher than in the grazed plots. However, the biomass yield in grazed plots improved over the years. Species richness and percentage of dominant species attributes were better in medium grazed plots than the other treatments. Soil compaction was higher in very heavily grazed plots than in nongrazed and medium-grazed plots. In contrast to that, the soil water content and infiltration rate were better in nongrazed plots than in grazed plots. Soil loss in grazed plots decreased with the increase of biomass yields and as the soil was more compacted by livestock trampling during the wet season. Finally since the medium stocking rate is better in species richness and plant attributes, and lies between nongrazed and heavily grazed plots in the rest of the measured parameters, it could be the appropriate stocking rate to practice by the smallholder farmer.     

岸边填土地基的强度与稳定性加固

岸边混杂填土结构松散,易受地表水流等外界因素的影响,常产生地面沉陷、崩塌和整体滑移等破坏现象.对于这类地基,可先设置散粒材料增强体使其初步硬化,再利用高置换率的复合地基抗滑坝体形成护坡和阻止整体滑移的作用,最后通过低能级强夯处理,将碎石桩复合地基的单一结构改变成具有碎石二合土硬壳层的三层结构,从而可较大程度地提高地基的强度和稳定性.通过对碎石桩夯击破坏性状的分析,提出了确定抗滑复合坝体宽度和夯击处理深度的设计计算方法.     

风障联合压实防治煤堆自燃技术工艺参数优化

为提高煤堆自燃的防治效果,降低经济成本和提高施工的灵活性,基于煤堆自燃理论,使用COMSOLMultiphysics 5.0数值仿真软件,建立煤堆自燃模型,研究了煤堆最高温度和自然发火期变化及相关措施实施后最高温度降低规律,对比了单独压实、独立风障和风障联合压实的温度降低量,优化了联合措施的工艺。结果表明,煤堆孔隙率越小,自燃风速范围越宽,最小、最易、最大自燃风速越大;单独进行煤堆压实存在因孔隙率增加而降低的最低不宜风速;针对6 m高煤堆单独使用风障时,只有风障高12 m、距离煤堆25 m才能避免煤堆自燃;风障联合压实措施中,风障高7.5~9 m,设置距离煤堆10~30 m即能保证煤堆不自燃。说明联合的煤堆最高温度降低量更大,且能扩大压实的适用范围,降低风障高度,节约经济成本,增加风障现场施工的灵活性。     

厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82.4%,最高去除率可达90.1%;出水NH3-N浓度均值为549.3 mg/L,且介于415～700 mg/L间变化。自循环回灌COD去除率最高仅为11.5%,NH3-N去除率最高仅为11.8%,两者去除效果不明显。因此,北方平原型填埋场进一步完善填埋工艺,使填埋场垂直方向渗透系数分布均匀,充分利用陈腐垃圾堆体的自降解能力,才是处理渗滤液污染的关键。