Soil compaction--indicators for the assessment of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the German Federal Soil Protection Act

Soil compaction in agriculture induced by large-scale equipment is of growing concern. Heavy wheel loads used in arable cropping have the potential to cause irreversible damage to the subsoil structure and may lead to harmful soil compaction. In order to sustain or improve soil health or fitness on a sustainable basis, indicators are needed to assess the changes in the soil structure and the respective soil functions. This requires an adequate verification of methods for distinguishing between the impairment of soil structure and the disruption of soil functions, and for the respective subject of protection. In this article the link between existing models of soil physical prognosis, practical guidelines, and criteria for the identification of affected soil structure is demonstrated, and a viable concept to distinguish harmful changes to the soil is presented. The concept consists of methods for soil physical analysis such as "pre-compression stress" and "loading ratio", practical recommendations for best management practice, and an indicator-based model for the identification of harmful subsoil compaction derived from a research project for the German Federal Environmental Agency, making it possible to determine for a respective location the required level of action far beyond the common practice of precautions against harmful soil compaction.     

Ground flora trampling studies: Five years after closure

Trampling as an ecological factor is a major concern of the management of park, forest, nature preserves, and wilderness areas as recreational resources. Of particular importance to the management concept of carrying capacity is the relative resistance of native plant communities, to trampling and the resilience or the capacity of impacted communities to recover. This information can be used by management to establish seasonal use limits to prevent irreversible degradation of these resources. The purpose of this study was to follow the recolonizaton of experimental trail surfaces barren of vegetative cover and hiked at three levels of use intensity. Results of this study indicate that soil compaction as measured by soil penetration resistance increased progressively with use level while the total number of species, species diversity, and dominant index scores declined. A major finding was that the greatest degree of change occurred at the first level of hiking, indicating that major floristic measures were most affected by the least amount of hiking. Recolonization of impacted areas that received 100 trampling passes as measured by plant cover, dominant indices, floristic dissimilarity, and species diversity was similar to areas receiving four and eight times more trampling, despite major differences in soil penetration resistance. These data suggest limited use delivered at one time can be as damaging as increasing levels of use delivered at over time.     

风障联合压实防治煤堆自燃技术工艺参数优化

为提高煤堆自燃的防治效果,降低经济成本和提高施工的灵活性,基于煤堆自燃理论,使用COMSOLMultiphysics 5.0数值仿真软件,建立煤堆自燃模型,研究了煤堆最高温度和自然发火期变化及相关措施实施后最高温度降低规律,对比了单独压实、独立风障和风障联合压实的温度降低量,优化了联合措施的工艺。结果表明,煤堆孔隙率越小,自燃风速范围越宽,最小、最易、最大自燃风速越大;单独进行煤堆压实存在因孔隙率增加而降低的最低不宜风速;针对6 m高煤堆单独使用风障时,只有风障高12 m、距离煤堆25 m才能避免煤堆自燃;风障联合压实措施中,风障高7.5~9 m,设置距离煤堆10~30 m即能保证煤堆不自燃。说明联合的煤堆最高温度降低量更大,且能扩大压实的适用范围,降低风障高度,节约经济成本,增加风障现场施工的灵活性。     

Polyelectrolyte Flocculation of Waste Activated Sludge in Decanter Centrifuge Applications: Lab Evaluation by a Centrifugal Compaction Test

Abstract This article introduces a centrifugal compaction (spin tube) test to thoroughly evaluate polyelectrolyte conditioning on lab scale. In contrast to the well-known and widely applied existing tests (e.g., the beaker, the Jar settling, the free drainage, and the [sheared] capillary suction time test), the proposed spin tube test has a clear relation with the dewatering process taking place in a decanter centrifuge. First, based on the theory of centrifugal compaction, the solids stress of separate layers of sludge cake (obtained after spinning sludge in a lab centrifuge) is calculated. Next, the test was applied to assess in the lab the performance of three different polymers by evaluating the obtained sludge dryness. To verify and/or compare the results obtained with the spin tube tests, sheared capillary suction time tests were conducted and floc size distributions were analyzed. Finally, two of the three polymers evaluated in the lab were applied in the industrial sludge dewatering and drying sys...     

乌鲁木齐机场戈壁砾石土填料的工程特性试验研究∗

以新疆乌鲁木齐机场改扩建工程中道基填筑拟采用的戈壁砾石土填料为研究对象,开展了戈壁砾石土的颗粒分析、表面振动压实、点荷载强度等物理力学试验,对其颗粒特征、压实特性以及大粒径砾石强度展开了探讨.结果 表明:该地区戈壁砾石土不均匀系数Cu为37.9,曲率系数Cc为2.12,属于级配良好的砾类土,且填料在1～2 mm粒组处存在一定程度的缺失;不同粗颗粒含量戈壁土均存在明显的最优含水率与最大干密度,最大干密度随含水率变化呈现抛物线形式,且随着填料粗颗粒含量的增加而增加;天然级配的戈壁砾石土粗颗粒含量超过70％,最大干密度可达2.41 g/cm3;另外,戈壁砾石土中大块砾石的强度较高,自然风干状态下单轴抗压强度的平均值约为60 MPa.试验得出乌鲁木齐机场建设采用的天然级配的戈壁砾石土是一种非常好的道基填筑材料,研究结果亦可为类似工程提供参考.     

脆性岩石微裂纹压密段本构模型研究

为准确掌握脆性岩石在荷载作用下的应力-应变关系,从岩石单裂隙出发,引入自然应变的概念,建立了物理意义明确的脆性岩石微裂纹压密段本构模型,并将其简化后与线弹性阶段的本构模型进行统一。通过热-力耦合室内试验确定了模型参数,试验结果验证表明:模型能够描述不同热处理温度、不同围压下花岗岩的压密段、线弹性段试验结果,对于脆性岩石的高温劣化性和围压对压密段的抑制作用也有很好的呈现,对深入掌握脆性岩石的强度规律具有一定的指导意义。     

厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82...     

接种AM真菌对压实土壤柠条叶片生理与光合特性的影响

以矿区常用复垦植物——柠条作为供试物种,采用室内实验模拟矿区压实土壤,研究接种AM真菌与土壤压实对柠条叶片生理生化和光合特性的影响。结果表明：土壤压实导致柠条叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性下降、脯氨酸、可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白含量降低,叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著升高。接种AM真菌有助改善压实土壤中柠条叶片生理特性,增强光合作用。与单纯压实处理相比,接种AM真菌使压实处理柠条抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性分别提高1.34,1.65,1.51倍;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量分别升高33.90%,5.30%,脯氨酸含量降低53.20%;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著降低15.58%、19.98%;激素调节物质IAA、CTK、GA激素分泌分别增加18.39%、45.19%、14.40%,ABA降低34.33%;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率有明显升高。表明接种AM真菌能够提高柠条抗氧化酶活性、调节渗透物质和激素分泌,降低细胞膜脂过氧化水平,维持细胞结构稳定,促进柠条光合作用增强,提高柠条的生产力。在土壤压实严重的矿区,可以通过接种AM真菌提高柠条抗压实胁迫的能力,以提高压实土壤矿区植被恢复质量。     

A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FUTURE RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITIES1

ABSTRACT: A new method has been developed for estimating future reservoir storage capacities, allowing for sediment deposition and compaction. Reservoir sedimentation surveys for 117 reservoirs, conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey over the past 60 years, were used to determine regional constants K to represent the severity of sediment deposition in the reservoirs. More than half of the 82 water supply reservoirs investigated had records of reservoir sedimentation surveys, and their K values were calculated by using data from those sediment surveys. The average K values of the remaining non-surveyed water supply reservoirs were estimated from the regional distribution of the K values. Other important factors considered in the estimation of future reservoir storage capacities are the trap efficiency of the reservoirs and the variation of density of sediment deposits due to compaction. The model can also be used for analyzing the economics of alternative sites and of design features that can be incorporated in dams for reducing reservoir sedimentation.