武宁县森林扰动及驱动因子分析

森林扰动是影响陆地生态系统的重要因子,也是影响全球碳循环的重要因素.以江西省武宁县为例,利用1986-2011年14景Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,通过扰动指数(disturbance index,DI)时间序列轨迹分析提取森林扰动信息,并引入经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function,EOF)分解方法定量分析了森林扰动的时空变化规律,利用GIS深入分析了自然和社会驱动因子影响.结果表明,武宁县森林扰动在1986-1998年较强,扰动面积以1992年为最大,以地区性扰动为主;2000年以后则趋于平缓,扰动以砍伐和森林火灾为主;在空间上,扰动主要发生在近道路、低海拔、低坡度和近水地区,并受地形和交通的制约,城镇化逐渐成为该地区森林扰动的一个不可忽略的驱动因子.     

张家口地区生态可持续性评价研究

张家口市生态环境比较脆弱。经济上属于河北省落后地区，且近邻首都北京，因此它的发展不断引起人们的关注。本文选用了由加拿大生态学家Rees和Wackenagel等提出的生态足迹模型，对张家口地区进行可持续发展的定量测算。结果表明：张家口市自1990年到2000年一直处于不可持续状态，且人均生态赤字呈逐年增大的趋势。针对这种情况，本文提出全面发展精细农业、促进工业升级以及以“人”为本的区域发展对策。     

农业开发的企业化经营

目前企业化经营已被越来越多地运用于农业开发的生产管理中。本文阐述了农业开发中企业化经营形式及其重要性,分析了当前企业化经营优势尚未充分发挥的原因,提出了加强农业开发企业化管理的对策。     

Prenatal diagnosis of monosomy 4p14→pter and trisomy 11q25→qter: clinical presentations and outcomes

We present the case of a pregnant woman with low free β-HCG in maternal serum Down syndrome screening that led to prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with 46,XY,der(4)t(4;11)(p14; q25). This chromosomal aneuploidy resulted from unbalanced segregation of a paternal balanced translocation, t(4;11)(p14;q25). Prenatal ultrasound revealed intrauterine growth restriction, cleft lip and palate, a thick nuchal fold, a single umbilical artery, and pyelectasis. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization and short tandem repeat markers further located the exact breakpoint of translocation. The woman had her pregnancy terminated at 23 weeks of gestational age. The proband had general appearance of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome and some unique findings, including single umbilical artery, severe immunoglobulin deficiency, scalp defect, and underlying bony defect. Our case underscores the importance of fetal karyotyping when low maternal serum free β-HCG is found. It also adds information on the fetal presentations of monosomy 4p14→pter and trisomy 11q25→qter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cytogenetic analysis of trophoblasts by comparative genomic hybridization in embryo-fetal development anomalies

Cytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortions or intrauterine fetal death depend on conventional tissue culturing and karyotyping. This technique has limitations such as culture failure and selective growth of maternal cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes permits diagnosis of aneuploidies but is limited to one or a few chromosomal regions. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) provides an overview of chromosomal gains and losses in a single hybridization directly from DNA samples. In a prospective study, we analyzed by CGH trophoblast cells from 21 fetuses in cases of spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal death or polymalformed syndrome. Six numerical chromosomal abnormalities including one trisomy 7, one trisomy 10, three trisomies 18, one trisomy 21 and one monosomy X have been correctly identified by CGH. One structural abnormality of the long arm of chromosome 1 has been characterized by CGH. One triploidy and two balanced pericentromeric inversions of chromosome 9 have not been identified by CGH. Sexual chromosomal constitutions were concordant by both classical cytogenetic technique and CGH. Contribution of trophoblast analysis by CGH in embryo-fetal development anomalies is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban, rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied. High levels of Mn, Ni, As, Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission, crust related sources, traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion. The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs). Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Sr, Zr and Ba; Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb; Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be, Na, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn and Sb. The EFs of Be, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter. The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources. Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline, as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites, and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.     

Ultrafine particle emission characteristics of diesel engine by on-board and test bench measurement

This study investigated the emission characteristics of ultrafine particles based on test bench and on-board measurements. The bench test results showed the ultrafine particle number concentration of the diesel engine to be in the range of (0.56-8.35) × 10⁸ cm^-3. The on-board measurement results illustrated that the ultrafine particles were strongly correlated with changes in real-world driving cycles. The particle number concentration was down to 2.0 × 10⁶ cm^-3 and 2.7 × 10⁷ cm^-3 under decelerating and idling operations and as high as 5.0 × 10⁸ cm^-3 under accelerating operation. It was also indicated that the particle number measured by the two methods increased with the growth of engine load at each engine speed in both cases. The particle number presented a "U" shaped distribution with changing speed at high engine load conditions, which implies that the particle number will reach its lowest level at medium engine speeds. The particle sizes of both measurements showed single mode distributions. The peak of particle size was located at about 50-80 nm in the accumulation mode particle range. Nucleation mode particles will significantly increase at low engine load operations like idling and decelerating caused by the high concentration of unburned organic compounds.     

运用三维荧光光谱解析高温厌氧产氢反应过程对温度变化的响应

为建立反应器运行状态的荧光光谱快速监测方法,应用三维荧光光谱表征了高温厌氧反应器的出水,采用平行因子分析方法分析后得到3种荧光组分——蛋白质、辅酶NADH和核黄素,并获得它们的激发发射光谱图及相对浓度.结果表明,当温度从50 ℃上升到60 ℃的过程中,3种荧光物质的相对浓度均呈现相应的变化,它们与反应器的运行参数呈现明显相关性.进一步研究表明,核黄素是高温厌氧产氢反应中的特有荧光物质,采用标准加入法和二阶校正方法可以测定其实际浓度,出水中核黄素浓度变化范围为0.04~0.13 mg·L^-1.该研究为厌氧产氢反应器的运行监控提供了理论基础.     

济南市道路扬尘排放因子估算及其影响因素研究

以济南城市道路为研究对象,采用美国环保署AP-42模型和方法,通过道路分类、优化布点、样品采集、实地观测和计算分析,获得道路粉尘负荷及四种类型道路扬尘的排放因子,探讨了排放因子的主要影响因素。结果表明,路面粉尘负荷随车流量增大而逐渐降低,城市城区路面粉尘负荷多小于城市外围路面,且外围道路路面粉尘负荷随时间和空间变化大;支路和次干道排放因子相对较小,快速路排放因子较高,主干道排放因子最高,其TSP、PM10、PM2.5排放因子分别高达25.239 3 g/VKT、4.731 1 g/VKT、0.597 2 g/VKT;排放因子随平均车重增加呈现逐渐增大趋势;同种类型道路排放因子均随道路粉尘负荷的增加而增加;次干道和快速路排放因子随车流量增大而减小。所获结论可为城市道路扬尘排放估算提供参考。     

未铺装道路扬尘排放特征研究

在未铺装道路下风向不同高度测量PM10浓度和风速风向,同时测量上风向PM10浓度,采用暴露高度浓度剖面法计算未铺装道路的扬尘排放量,同时现场记录通过车辆的类型、车速、车轮个数等信息,计算未铺装道路扬尘PM10排放因子。分别分析车辆类型、车辆重量、车轮个数、路面粉土含量、车辆行驶速度对排放因子的影响。结果表明,大货车的排放因子最大,为362 g(/km.辆),其次为小客车、小货车和机动三轮车,分别为112、105和67 g(/km.辆);随着车辆重量的增加排放因子增大并呈线形相关性;随着车辆平均车轮个数的增加排放因子增大并呈线形相关性;分别研究了大货车、小客车和小货车排放因子与车速的关系,随着车速的增加,3种类型车辆的排放因子都增大,并有较好的线形相关性;路面尘土中粉土含量增大,道路扬尘排放因子也增大,路面尘土湿度增加排放因子减小。