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781.
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Yankovich TL Kim SB Baumgärtner F Galeriu D Melintescu A Miyamoto K Saito M Siclet F Davis P 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(1):26-34
To improve understanding of environmental tritium behaviour, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) included a Tritium and C-14 Working Group (WG) in its EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program. One scenario considered by the WG involved the prediction of time-dependent tritium concentrations in freshwater mussels that were subjected to an abrupt increase in ambient tritium levels. The experimental data used in the scenario were obtained from a study in which freshwater Barnes mussels (Elliptio complanata) were transplanted from an area with background tritium concentrations to a small Canadian Shield lake that contains elevated tritium. The mussels were then sampled over 88 days, and concentrations of free-water tritium (HTO) and organically-bound tritium (OBT) were measured in the soft tissues to follow the build-up of tritium in the mussels over time.The HTO concentration in the mussels reached steady state with the concentration in lake water within one or two hours. Most models predicted a longer time (up to a few days) to equilibrium. All models under-predicted the OBT concentration in the mussels one hour after transplantation, but over-predicted the rate of OBT formation over the next 24 h. Subsequent dynamics were not well modelled, although all participants predicted OBT concentrations that were within a factor of three of the observation at the end of the study period. The concentration at the final time point was over-predicted by all but one of the models. The relatively low observed concentration at this time was likely due to the loss of OBT by mussels during reproduction. 相似文献
784.
In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment. 相似文献
785.
城镇污水处理厂低浓度连续进水间歇曝气运行模式分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据南方城镇污水处理厂建成运行初期的实际运行情况,对低浓度进水的运行模式进行了分析和研究。运行中,污水处理厂MISS浓度调整为25g/L,采用曝气3h、停曝5h、连续进水的运行模式,实现了生物系统稳定运行,出水达标。 相似文献
786.
787.
核电工程从预可行性研究到正式施工设计,往往有一个很长的周期。以秦山核电二期工程建设项目为例,地震动参数确定是在十多年前完成的,因此其设计地震动参数的校核工作应当在吸收这十多年来我国在活动构造识别、地震活动的不均匀性处理、地震区带划分、潜在震源区的识别和参数确定、地震动衰减等方面的最新研究成果的基础上进行。研究结果表明,新增的地震地质资料进一步补充了原工作报告对地震地质研究的结论,地震的活动特征则没有发生根本变化;工作区内破坏性地震的平均震源深度约为12 km,与全国平均震源深度(约为15 km)有差别。在对工作区地震地质、地震活动背景最新研究的基础上,考虑本地区有代表性的不同潜在震源区的划分方案,分别采用对应的地震动参数衰减关系进行地震危险性概率分析计算,校核后综合确定秦山核电二期扩建工程厂址的极限安全地震动SL-2为0.15 g,这与1990年的结论一致。本文提出的核电扩建工程地震动参数校核工作的技术路线,可供类似的重大工程地震动参数校核参考。 相似文献
788.
789.
Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for human health, and many studies were conducted to investigate its adverse effects on humans and other mammals. However, since large amounts of cigarette products are produced and consumed, it is possible that tobacco chemicals can end up in aquatic environments through several routes, thus influencing aquatic organisms. In this study, the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in aquatic environment was demonstrated. Since toxic effects on and distribution patterns of tobacco chemicals in aquatic organisms were rarely studied, after results of an acute toxicity pretest were obtained, experiment was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation pattern of NNK and distribution patterns of its metabolites, mainly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), in NNK-treated freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies showed that NNK was readily converted to NNAL through the carbonyl reduction in bodies of NNK-treated planarians. Tissue concentrations of both chemicals increased in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, we examined the end products of NNK/NNAL α-hydroxylation in NNK-treated planarians, but only 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-butanediol was detected, suggesting that NNK metabolism in planarians partially differs from that in mammalian systems. This is the first report on NNK metabolism in an aquatic organism and can be used as a foundation for developing freshwater planarians as a new in vivo model for the study of NNK toxicology in the future. 相似文献
790.
总结了国内外采用膜生物反应器( MBR)处理含盐废水的研究进展,分析了盐度对有机物去除的影响、对脱氮效果的影响、对总磷去除的影响以及对微生物活性和膜污染的影响.指出当前MBR处理高盐度废水的研究热点主要是如何降低对各类功能微生物活性的抑制作用,以及降低溶解性微生物产物、胞外聚合物的释放量,从而减轻膜污染,但目前大多数的研究仍处在实验配水阶段.最后还对今后的研究方向进行了展望. 相似文献