非稳态条件下藻类种间非生物资源竞争理论及研究进展

从理论及实验研究的角度论述了藻类非稳态种间资源竞争研究进展。实验室内稳态条件下的竞争理论得到了大量实验验证,由于自然水体处于非稳状态,非稳态条件下藻类种间资源竞争日益成为藻类水华形成机制研究的重点。主要理论包括Tilman的R*法则和资源比假说,Grover的拾遗者-机会主义者交替竞争假说(VIS),中度干扰假说(IDH)及关键光强(CLIH)假说。这些假说的提出丰富了藻类资源竞争的理论体系,为研究自然状态下藻类增殖和竞争行为奠定理论基础。今后的藻类种间资源竞争的研究重点为非稳态下物理条件变化以及物理、化学和生物资源共同变化下藻类种间关系及生物多样性的研究。     

Copulation behavior and paternity in the chaffinch

Summary We investigated two aspects of sperm competition in a wild population of chaffinches Fringilla coelebs: copulation behavior and genetic parentage determined by DNA fingerprinting. Pairs copulated at a high rate before laying, peaking at 4.4 copulation attempts per hour on day –3 relative to laying, with an average of 207 copulation attempts (83 behaviorally successful) per clutch. Extra-pair copulation attempts (n = 20) made up 7.8% of all copulation attempts that females were involved in. The rate at which pairs copulated was lower during egg-laying, but there was no evidence that this was due to the male of the pair timing copulations to coincide with an insemination window; it was more likely due to the fact that females solicited copulations at a lower rate. Both sexes solicited copulations but males solicited mainly extra-pair copulations. DNA fingerprinting showed that 17.0% of chicks (n = 47) in 23% of broods (n = 13) were fathered by a male other than the one paired to their mother. There was no evidence of intraspecific brood parasitism. In three cases where we were able to identify the father of extra-pair offspring it proved to be a neighboring male.Correspondence to: B.C. Sheldon     

MBBR泥膜复合系统泥膜竞争关系的影响因素

为探究MBBR泥膜复合硝化系统内泥膜竞争关系，通过小试试验研究了水处理过程中常规因素（污泥浓度、DO、温度、C/N）对MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化效果的影响，分析了系统内污泥容积负荷和移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR，Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor）生物膜容积负荷变化趋势，进而得出泥膜竞争规律.结果表明，MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷均大于单一污泥或MBBR生物膜系统的容积负荷.在一定范围内，污泥浓度、DO、温度与MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷呈现正相关，且系统内活性污泥在与MBBR生物膜在竞争DO和基质时优势明显，而MBBR生物膜则具有更强的耐低温能力.进水C/N与MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化负荷呈负相关，且活性污泥在应对进水C/N过高时较MBBR生物膜更具优势，MBBR的“镶嵌”则强化了系统SND效果.微生物群落变化显示MBBR泥膜复合系统内的硝化细菌优势菌属为Nitrospira，且悬浮载体生物膜对其富集能力明显高于活性污泥.     

战略管理在企业管理中的重要性

面对激烈变化、严峻挑战的经营环境,企业欲求得长期生存和不断发展就必须进行总体性谋划。而战略管理便是这种总体性谋划的关键一环。本文主要从战略管理的意义和实施两方面介绍企业应在充分利用环境中存在的各种机会和创造新机会的基础上,确定企业和环境的关系,规定企业从事的经营范围,合理地调动企业结构和分配企业的全部资源,从而使企业获得某种竞争优势。     

Effects of elevated CO_2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of alga

Introduction The atm ospheric C O 2 concentration increases at a rate of 1.5 滋 m ol/(m ol·a) and w ill double com pared to pre-industrial levels around the year 2050 (W atson et al., 1990). Its effects and m echanism by elevated CO 2 on global clim ate,…     

单质硫自养短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化强化脱氮

通过在厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)连续流反应器中添加单质硫,试图引入单质硫自养短程反硝化(short-cut S~0-SADN)来强化ANAMMOX过程中NO~-_3-N的去除.在温度为(33±2)℃,pH为7.8～8.2条件下,探讨不同的进水NH~+_4-N/NO~-_2-N比对耦合系统中氮素转化以及NO~-_2-N竞争特性的影响.结果表明,在不同的进水NH~+_4-N/NO~-_2-N比(1∶1.3、 1∶1.5、 1∶1和1∶1.1)下,耦合系统的TN平均去除率分别达到了96.78%、 97.21%、 94.68%和97.72%,均远远大于ANAMMOX理论TN最高去除率89%.其中,在进水NH~+_4-N/NO~-_2-N比为1∶1或1∶1.1条件下,耦合系统能够实现单质硫自养短程反硝化耦合ANAMMOX深度脱氮的稳定运行.在最佳进水NH~+_4-N/NO~-_2-N比1∶1.1、NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N浓度分别为240mg·L~(-1)和265mg·L~(-1)条件下,TN去除速率达到1.50kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),ANAMMOX和S~0-SADN途径的TN去除率分别稳定在(95.68±1.22)%和(2.04±0.77)%.在整个运行过程中,ANAMMOX在底物NO~-_2-N的竞争过程中一直占据着绝对的优势,ANAMMOX菌的活性(以NH~+_4-N/VSS计)稳定在(0.166±0.008)kg·(kg·d)~(-1).     

旅游产品竞争力分析--以黄鹤楼为例

旅游发展的核心在于旅游竞争力的强弱.为了提升旅游产品的竞争力,利用案例研究方法,以武汉黄鹤楼为例,通过分析比较黄鹤楼与国内同类旅游产品的竞争力状况,揭示黄鹤楼市场竞争的优势与不足,为提高武汉市旅游发展竞争力提供一个研究案例.     

Extraordinarily long sperm in the socially monogamous cichlid fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pelvicachromis taeniatus</Emphasis>

The main function of the spermatozoon is the transfer of the male haploid genome during fertilisation. In animals in general and in fishes in particular, there is huge variation in sperm size. In fishes, sperm size ranges from 13 μm in Mugil cephlus to nearly 100 μm in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. We examined intra-specific variation in sperm morphometry in the socially monogamous cichlid Pelvicachromis taeniatus using scanning electron microscopy. The mean total sperm length of nearly 70 μm was extraordinarily large for cichlids. Furthermore, within-male variation was remarkably high. To our knowledge, P. taeniatus produces the longest cichlid sperm ever documented. Several hypotheses concerning the adaptive significance of these results are presented.     

Precise sex ratios manifested by several encyrtid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of brown soft scale, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coccus hesperidum</Emphasis> L. (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

We examined whether several facultatively gregarious encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) endoparasitoids of brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum L., manifest precise sex allocation under field conditions. Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake), Metaphycus angustifrons (Compere), Metaphycus stanleyi (Compere), and Microterys nietneri (Motshulsky) evince brood sex ratios that are female-biased and extremely precise (low variance in the number of sons per host). Typically, this sex allocation pattern is attributed to extreme local mate competition (LMC) in which only one foundress exploits a patch of hosts and mating occurs mostly between her offspring. However, such a pattern of sex allocation was not detected for Metaphycus helvolus (Compere). Also, a large proportion of the broods in all five species contained only daughters; thus, an excess of male-only broods was expected if unmated females (i.e., females that can produce only sons) contribute offspring before mating. All-male broods were rare in our samples. This finding coupled with the life history characteristics of these wasps, such as the exploitation of aggregated hosts and the long life span and mobility of males, suggest that nonlocal mating is frequent. Our empirical work suggests that it is advantageous to allocate precise sex ratios in cases in which mating opportunities for males are not restricted to their natal host and/or when multiple foundresses exploit large patches of hosts. Limited theoretical work also supports this prediction but more detailed studies of this taxon’s mating structure and other life history characteristics are necessary to understand their sex allocation decisions.     

Sibling competition in guinea pigs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cavia aperea</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">porcellus</Emphasis>): scrambling for mother’s teats is stressful

Lactation is the most energy-intense period in the life of a female mammal. This can cause severe conflict between mother and offspring over the duration of lactation but also between siblings over the amount of milk each pup gets from its mother. Thus, competitive interactions between siblings are expected, and competition is likely to increase with litter size, particularly in species where the number of offspring exceeds the number of teats. We studied sibling competition in the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), which has two teats, but frequently bears litters of up to five pups. By cross-fostering we created non-competition (control) litters with two pups and competition litters with four pups and observed nursing behaviour on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum. Pups of larger litters had lower growth rates, indicating increased competition among siblings in these litters. Pups of larger litters had to wait longer for access to a teat and spent less time suckling than pups of smaller litters but ate more solid food instead. Additionally, we manipulated the individual short-term need of pups by separating half of the pups of each litter for 2 h from their mothers before observation. Within a litter, hungry pups achieved access to milk faster and spent more time suckling than non-hungry pups. Pups competed mostly by scramble competition. Aggressive interactions occurred only in large litters. Pups of large litters had higher cortisol levels than pups in small litters. These effects decreased with age as pups became increasingly independent of maternal milk. Pup behaviour appears to fit better with models of scramble competition than with those of honest signalling. This contribution is part of the special issue “Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals” (guest editors: Robyn Hudson and Fritz Trillmich).