以模仿为主要手段的旅游地开发

引入博弈论中的豪泰林(Hottelling)价格竞争模型与“偏离-份额分析法”,讨论了无直接竞争状态、价格竞争状态、产品组合竞争状态下的旅游产品模仿问题。通过分析,试图为旅游产品开发提供一种新视角,为旅游产品生产者服务。     

我国公路交通伤亡现状分析

本文对统计、上报、公布交通伤亡数据业务的不足作了简要分析,分别对城市交通伤亡、收费道路交通伤亡、乡村和山区非收费道路交通伤亡提出了相应的数学描述模型,并提出了收费路伤亡高发期和稳定期的观点和数学模型。提出了交通伤亡责任追究制的思想,行政管理的效果非常有限,应该根据不同情况进行技术型专业管理。     

Does the introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) affect growth of the native brown trout (Salmo trutta)?

Non-native brook trout have become widely established in North European streams. We combined evidence from an artificial-stream experiment and drainage-scale field surveys to examine whether brook trout suppressed the growth of the native brown trout (age 0 to age 2). Our experimental results demonstrated that brown trout were unaffected by the presence of brook trout but that brook trout showed reduced growth in the presence of brown trout. However, the growth reduction only appeared in the experimental setting, indicating that the reduced spatial constraint of the experimental system may have forced the fish to unnaturally intense interactions. Indeed, in the field, no effect of either species on the growth of the putative competitor was detected. These results caution against uncritical acceptance of findings from small-scale experiments because they rarely scale up to more complex field situations. This and earlier work suggest that the establishment of brook trout in North European streams has taken place mainly because of the availability of unoccupied (or underutilized) niche space, rather than as a result of species trait combinations or interspecific competition per se. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

No evidence for sperm priming responses under varying sperm competition risk or intensity in guppies

Sperm competition theory predicts that males should tailor their investment in ejaculates according to the number of rival males competing to fertilize a female’s eggs. Research spanning several taxa supports this prediction by showing that males are often sensitive to the level of sperm competition and adjust their investment in sperm numbers accordingly. More recent work has revealed that males may also tailor the quality of sperm according to the number of males competing for fertilization. Here I test for both effects in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in an experiment that simultaneously evaluates the risk and intensity models of sperm competition. The experiment determined whether male guppies adjust the number (stripped ejaculate size) and quality (sperm velocity and viability) of sperm that are primed over a 3-day period according to experimental changes in the perceived level of sperm competition. A total of 136 focal males were initially stripped of all retrievable sperm and assayed for these sperm traits before being allocated at random to one of four treatments simulating different levels of sperm competition risk and intensity. During the 3-day treatment phase, focal males had visual and olfactory access to a sexually receptive (initially virgin) female maintained with different numbers of stimulus males to simulate variation in the risk and intensity of sperm competition. Following this, males were assayed again for the sperm traits. Contrary to predictions, there was no significant change in any of the measured variables among treatments, although qualitatively the patterns for sperm velocity and viability did conform to expectation. The lack of any trend for the number of sperm primed was unequivocal and future work examining the effects of sperm competition on sperm production should focus on whether males differentially allocate sperm numbers among matings that differ in the level of sperm competition.     

The switching effect of environmental taxation within Bertrand differentiated duopoly

We investigate second-best optimal taxation of the polluting variety of a product in a Bertrand duopoly with differentiated varieties. The analysis provides novel insight on a useful social function of environmental regulation. Besides internalizing the environmental externality, the taxation of the polluting variety improves the matching of consumers and product varieties, and so creates a socially desirable business switching between the differentiated varieties.     

Model-based analysis of the influence of ecological processes on forest point pattern formation—A case study

Many different spatio-temporal individual-based models (IBM) for forests have been developed for studying the development of trees in space and time. Such models typically depend on various numerical parameters that represent the ecological processes of growth (G), inter-plant competition (C) and birth-and-death (B&D; also called regeneration and mortality). Until now little work has been done to systematically trace the influence of these processes and their model parameters on the spatial structure of forest ecosystems.This paper attempts to fill this gap by addressing an important aspect of forest structure, spatial variability, characterised by the mark variogram as a summary characteristic. The model used was inspired by components of various well-established IBMs including a shot-noise competition field. Time series data from monospecies forests in three different countries of the northern hemisphere provided ecological reference scenarios. Though a case study, the paper's methodology is rather general and can be applied to any model and forest ecosystem.Methods of sensitivity analysis revealed that only a small number of model parameters is crucial for forming spatial variability. Particularly important is the range of competition between trees; with increasing range the variability increases. Growth processes have considerable importance particularly with short observation periods and in young forests, whereas mortality processes become more influential in the long-term. Naturally, these statements depend upon the initial structure and on the length of the observation period.     

成都入境旅游客源市场时空演变规律研究

入境旅游客源市场时空演变规律的研究是入境旅游市场研究的一个热点.依据成都市2000-2008年入境旅游市场的相关统计数据,通过分析亲景度和竞争态在时间和空间上的演变,揭示了成都入境旅游客源市场的时空演变规律.研究发现,泰国是成都最重要的入境客源市场,但自从2004年以来亲蓉度有所下降.面对入境客源市场空间分布比较均匀的状况,市场关注的重点应放在市场竞争态有所衰退的市场,以确保整体市场的稳步攀升.     

Kin composition effects on reproductive competition among queenless honeybee workers

Kin selection and inclusive fitness theories predict that, in hopeless queenless (QL) groups, competition or cooperation will occur over male production among workers of different patrilines. Competition is expected to involve mutual inhibition of reproduction and to affect fertility advertisement. To examine kin effect on these phenomena, we studied QL groups of honeybee workers comprising three types of kin structure: groups composed of pure single patrilines, groups composed of three mixed patrilines (all originating from colonies headed by single-drone-inseminated queens), and control groups composed of bees originating from naturally mated queens. Global assessment of ovarian development, irrespective of patriline composition, revealed no differences among group types. In contrast, the performance of specific patrilines revealed that, in the three-mixed-patriline groups, some patrilines were reproductively suppressed compared to their performance when reared as a pure single patriline, resulting in an uneven share of reproduction. Analysis of the fertility signal produced by Dufour's gland revealed kin composition effects, which may reflect the bees' competitive efforts. Although patriline effects on worker reproductive superiority have been shown in QL colonies, we were able to investigate specific patriline performance both in competitive and noncompetitive situations here for the first time. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reproductive and pheromonal competitions in QL groups are affected by the number of subfamilies populating a colony and that these act as coalitions. The results also emphasize that within-colony heterogeneity, in the form of multiple patrilines, has far-reaching consequences on social evolution.     

The evolution of female copulation calls in primates: a review and a new model

Female copulation calls are mating-associated vocalizations that occur in some species of Old World monkeys and apes. We argue that copulation calls have two immediate functions: to encourage mating attempts by other males and to increase mate guarding by the consort male. We hypothesize that female copulation calls have evolved under the selective pressures of risk of infanticide and sperm competition. When male mate guarding is effective, copulation calls allow females to concentrate paternity in dominant males and benefit from their protection against the risk of infanticide. When mate guarding is ineffective, copulation calls may bring genetic benefits to females through facilitation of sperm competition. We present a quantitative model in which interspecific variation in females' promiscuity predicts their tendency to use copulation calls in conjunction with mating. The model predicts that in species with little female promiscuity, copulation calls should be rare and exhibited only in association with mating with dominant males. In species in which females are highly promiscuous, copulation calls should be frequent and unrelated to male dominance rank. The limited data available to test the model support its main predictions as well as the predicted relation between copulation calls and male dominance rank.

不同磷条件下接种配比对两种淡水藻生长的影响

研究了不同磷浓度条件下铜锈微囊藻和斜生栅藻在单独培养和按不同接种密度比混合培养时的生长状况,分别计算了各培养条件下两种藻的磷吸收半饱和常数。结果表明：在试验所设置的磷浓度范围内,两种藻增长速率均随着磷浓度的升高而增大,但是磷浓度变化对铜锈微囊藻的影响较栅藻小。在磷浓度低于100 μg/L时,1〖DK〗∶1共培养体系中微囊藻的增长速率大于栅藻,而磷浓度大于100 μg/L时,结论相反。接种密度比对两种藻的最大密度和增长率均有影响,微囊藻的增长率随着接种密度比减少而增大,栅藻则相反。铜锈微囊藻在10〖DK〗∶1共培养体系中增长最慢,栅藻则在10〖DK〗∶1共培养时增长最快。微囊藻半饱和常数随着在接种密度中所占份额的减少而减小,最小为1035 μg/L,栅藻则没有显示明显规律,在1〖DK〗∶10共培养体系中磷饱和常数最小,为1982 μg/L。无论在哪种培养体系中,铜锈微囊藻的磷吸收半饱和常数均小于斜生栅藻,表明微囊藻对磷营养盐更具亲和性,营养盐浓度较低的环境下微囊藻更易在竞争中获胜。