高速公路生活区污水处理初探

通过对高速公路生活区污水特点的分析及各种生活污水处理的工艺比较向人们提供一种适合高速公路生活区污水处理的工艺。     

New microbial electrosynthesis system for methane production from carbon dioxide coupled with oxidation of sulfide to sulfate

Microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) is a promising method that can use carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, to produce methane which acts as an energy source, without using organic substances. However, this bioelectrical reduction reaction can proceed at a certain high applied voltage when coupled with water oxidation in the anode coated with metallic catalyst. When coupled with the oxidation of HS^– to SO₄²⁻, methane production is thermodynamically more feasible, thus implying its production at a considerably lower applied voltage. In this study, we demonstrated the possibility of electrotrophic methane production coupled with HS^– oxidation in a cost-effective bioanode chamber in the MES without organic substrates at a low applied voltage of 0.2 V. In addition, microbial community analyses of biomass enriched in the bioanode and biocathode were used to reveal the most probable pathway for methane production from HS^– oxidation. In the bioanode, electroautotrophic SO₄²⁻ production accompanied with electron donation to the electrode is performed mainly by the following two steps: first, incomplete sulfide oxidation to sulfur cycle intermediates (SCI) is performed; then the produced SCI are disproportionated to HS^– and SO₄²⁻. In the biocathode, methane is produced mainly via H₂ and acetate by electron-accepting syntrophic bacteria, homoacetogens, and acetoclastic archaea. Here, a new eco-friendly MES with biological H₂S removal is established.     

气浮-生物接触氧化法深度处理再生纸生产废水

在化学絮凝 气浮方法基础上 ,深度处理再生纸生产废水生物接触氧化法。运行情况表明 :该治理工艺处理效率高 ,中间水回用连续稳定 ,排放废水稳定达标 ,生产废水回用率达 85 %以上     

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on long-term stability of partial nitrification process

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is regarded as one of the crucial factors to influence partial nitrification process. However, achieving and keeping stable partial nitrification under different DO concentrations were widely reported. The mechanism of DO concentration influencing partial nitrification is still unclear. Therefore, in this study two same sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) cultivated same seeding sludge were built up with real-time control strategy. Different DO concentrations were controlled in SBRs to explore the effect of DO concentration on the long-term stability of partial nitrification process at room temperature. It was discovered that ammonium oxidation rate (AOR) was inhibited when DO concentration decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 mg/L. The abundance of Nitrospira increased from 10^11.5 to 10^13.7 copies/g DNA, and its relative percentage increased from 0.056% to 3.2% during 190 operational cycles, causing partial nitrification gradually turning into complete nitrification process. However, when DO was 2.5 mg/L the abundance of Nitrospira was stable and AOB was always kept at 10^10.7 copies/g DNA. High AOR was maintained, and stable partial nitrification process was kept. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity was significantly higher than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity at DO of 2.5 mg/L, which was crucial to maintain excellent nitrite accumulation performance.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

基于氨氮,硝氮及乙酸条件下Anammox菌的培养

为探讨Anammox菌在氨氮、硝氮及乙酸条件下的富集特性,采用某城市污水处理厂A²/O系统中的生物填料作为MBBR的载体直接启动并运行.结果表明,在NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N及乙酸为基质的培养条件下,Anammox菌可在部分反硝化和厌氧氨氧化协同作用下快速富集.经过130d的富集培养,MBBR处理负荷（以N计）达到920.79mg/（m²·d）,Anammox活性（以NH₄⁺-N计）达到3 018.19mg/（m²·d）.高通量结果显示,经富集培养后,Ca.Brocadia占比从0.89%增至27.80%,为Anammox菌的主导菌属;Thauera占比从0.01%增至6.75%,Flavobacterium占比从0.29%增至11.72%,为部分反硝化菌的主导菌属.     

电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层组织与性能的影响

目的探究三种电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层性能的影响,从中选择对其微弧氧化膜层性能较优的电源模式。方法在三种不同电源模式(交流电源、单极性脉冲电源和双极性脉冲电源)的条件下,应用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在ADC12高硅铝合金表面制备了陶瓷膜层,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段表征ADC12铝合金微弧氧化膜层的显微组织与性能。结果三种电源模式下微弧氧化膜层中都存在α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3和Al9Si等物相;双脉冲模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层的致密性最好,厚度为15μm,硬度达到719 HV,摩擦系数为1.2左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为25.8 N。交流模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层膜厚较低,厚度为9μm,硬度达到698 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为19.5 N。单极性模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层厚度为17μm,但硬度为706 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为13.09 N。结论通过三种电源模式的比较,ADC12高硅铝合金在双极性脉冲电源模式下制得膜层的综合性能较好。     

不同DN与PN-ANAMMOX耦合工艺处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的微生物群落分析

为了推进厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX）脱氮工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理方面的应用,在某垃圾填埋场建立了不同反硝化（denitrification,DN）与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial nitrification-ANAMMOX,PN-ANAMMOX）耦合模式的中试反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨其耦合模式对脱氮及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺可以将DN耦合入PN-ANAMMOX进行脱氮,但随着渗滤液中有机物浓度的增加,DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺的PN区的需氧量增加,Nitrosomonadaceae科菌的富集受到限制.而NO₂^--N的供给不足进一步导致ANAMMOX区Brocadiaceae科微生物的富集也受到限制,总氮去除速率（total nitrogen removal rate,TNRR）停留在0.44 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1.而在DN-（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺中,具有反硝化能力的Saprospiraceae科菌在DN区富集,有机物主要在DN区被降解去除,为后续PN-ANAMMOX提供了良好的低碳环境.Nitrosomonadaceae科及Brocadiaceae科菌在相应的PN区及ANAMMOX区得到富集,反应器的TNRR和总氮去除率（total nitrogen removal efficiency,TNRE）也进一步提升至0.55 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和94.65%,实现了对NH₄⁺-N和有机物浓度分别为2233 mg ·L^-1和2712 mg ·L^-1渗滤液的直接处理.其中Candidatus Kuenenia菌更能适应高基质浓度的渗滤液水质,成为ANAMMOX区的优势菌属.     

基于QAR数据的飞机全航段黑碳排放量计算与分析

黑碳气溶胶是航空发动机运行过程中产生的一种主要颗粒污染物.为评估飞机全航段的黑碳排放特性,在一阶近似方法（FOA）的基础上,提出一种基于黑碳形成和氧化过程的形成氧化法（FOX）.使用GE90-115B型发动机历史QAR数据进行实例分析,结合QAR数据中燃油流量、空气燃料比、燃烧室入口温度、主燃区火焰温度等热力学参数,计算某次飞行全航段的黑碳排放量.结果表明,形成氧化法的计算结果高于一阶近似方法,巡航阶段的总排放量高于起飞着陆循环.分析表明,结合实际飞行数据的形成氧化法,考虑了发动机的性能差异、燃烧品质及外界环境条件对排放特性的影响,能够更加真实有效地评估飞机全航段的黑碳排放量,为飞机排放监测及排放的适航符合性验证等效替代提供更加准确的依据.