Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence, Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.     

介绍两种震害损失估算方法

本文介绍了两种震害损失估算方法:全概率法和单位面积法。并据此法对宁夏、青海等地震害作了估算。     

陕晋蒙三角区自然环境面临的主要灾害及对策

陕晋蒙三角区是我国未来一个新能源基地,在全国具有重要的地位。本文从该区的特点出发,论述了自然环境的主要灾害及成因,进而提出了减灾的相应措施与建议。     

Understanding Trait‐Dependent Community Disassembly: Dung Beetles,Density Functions,and Forest Fragmentation

Abstract: Anthropogenic disturbances such as fragmentation are rapidly altering biodiversity, yet a lack of attention to species traits and abundance patterns has made the results of most studies difficult to generalize. We determined traits of extinction‐prone species and present a novel strategy for classifying species according to their population‐level response to a gradient of disturbance intensity. We examined the effects of forest fragmentation on dung beetle communities in an archipelago of 33 islands recently created by flooding in Venezuela. Species richness, density, and biomass all declined sharply with decreasing island area and increasing island isolation. Species richness was highly nested, indicating that local extinctions occurred nonrandomly. The most sensitive dung beetle species appeared to require at least 85 ha of forest, more than many large vertebrates. Extinction‐prone species were either large‐bodied, forest specialists, or uncommon. These explanatory variables were unrelated, suggesting at least 3 underlying causes of extirpation. Large species showed high wing loading (body mass/wing area) and a distinct flight strategy that may increase their area requirements. Although forest specificity made most species sensitive to fragmentation, a few persistent habitat generalists dispersed across the matrix. Density functions classified species into 4 response groups on the basis of their change in density with decreasing species richness. Sensitive and persistent species both declined with increasing fragmentation intensity, but persistent species occurred on more islands, which may be due to their higher baseline densities. Compensatory species increased in abundance following the initial loss of sensitive species, but rapidly declined with increasing fragmentation. Supertramp species (widespread habitat generalists) may be poor competitors but strong dispersers; their abundance peaked following the decline of the other 3 groups. Nevertheless, even the least sensitive species were extirpated or rare on the smallest and most isolated islands.     

分洪区洪灾保险工作初探

本文从洪水过程的随机特点及防洪工作的实际需要等各个方面出发,阐述了在分洪区实行洪灾保险的必要性,结合国内外已有的实践经验,分析了这一工作得以顺利开展的可能性。并在此基础上,提出了二种洪灾保险费用计算方法,实例计算结果表明,这些方法是基本可行的。     

调水工程生态补偿的分阶段推进战略

水质安全是调水工程顺利实施的关键,为此调水区背负巨大的调水工程的外部经济成本和社会发展代价,必须通过生态补偿政策进行内部化,然而调水工程涉及的范围广、时间长、利益主体多、资金投入大,难以通过一种手段或者现有某种方式建立长效的生态补偿机制。文章从调水工程生态补偿政策建立的目标、标准、责任分担与利益共享、补偿方式角度分析了生态补偿现状及存在的问题,提出了调水工程生态补偿的分阶段推进战略总体思路与实施构想,重点分析了各阶段生态补偿政策的制定标准和要求,为中线调水工程生态补偿政策制定提供了技术支持。     

锰铈脱硝催化剂的制备及其再生性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列Mn-Ce-Ox复合氧化物脱硝催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)NO。考察了Mn/Ce摩尔比、焙烧温度、H2O和SO2对Mn-Ce-Ox复合氧化物脱硝催化剂活性的影响及催化剂中毒再生性能。结果表明:当NH3:NO=1:1,空速为5 000 h-1,550℃焙烧制得的Mn/Ce摩尔比为5∶1的Mn-Ce-Ox复合脱硝催化剂活性最佳,活性温度窗口为100~260℃,在此温度区间内催化剂活性大于90%。200℃时,Mn-Ce-Ox复合催化剂活性最高为97.84%;在10%(V/V)H2O蒸汽和300×10-6SO2共存条件下,200℃时,催化剂活性在开始反应2.5 h内迅速下降至53%左右,并在之后的6 h内没有明显变化;中毒催化剂经常温水洗再生处理、质量分数为3%的硝酸溶液再生处理和550℃焙烧2 h再生处理后200℃活性均能恢复到90%以上,其中中毒催化剂经质量分数为3%硝酸处理后活性恢复率最高。     

武陵山区两种不同下垫面温度观测及对比分析

文章通过对铜仁国家基本气象站2007-2008年探测获得的水泥地面温度资料与日常地温场观测资料进行统计分析和对比研究,发现模拟高速公路和城市的水泥地表面与自然状态下的裸土地表面两者之间,在相同太阳辐射条件下不同的季节存在着不同的温度变化和散热差异,并分析了产生温度和热力差异的原因,对比分析发现,水泥地面在夏、春季节增温效果最明显,对城市"热岛效应"的贡献较大,同时找出了水泥地面和裸土地面两者的地表平均温度、最高、最低温度在高温、降水和凝冻天气条件下的温度变化规律,掌握不同下垫面温度变化规律,有助于台站开展交通路面温度预报、道路结冰预警信息发布以及城市气象服务。     

大港工业区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

在前期调研与野外调查的基础上,在天津大港工业区周边采集128个表层土壤样品,测试和分析了其中10种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V、Zn和Hg)的含量,分别利用地累积指数法和地统计方法研究了重金属的污染程度和空间分布特征,并对土壤重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价,最后对重金属的来源进行了分析.结果表明,该研究区As、Cd和Co超过天津背景值的比例最大,分别为100%、97.66%和96.88%;各种重金属的含量与2004年相比有一定程度的升高,以Cd和As的污染情况最严重,其余重金属多为中度及以下污染水平.不同用地类型中重金属的生态风险存在较大差异,西南部农业用地或与工业用地周边区域表层土壤存在较高的生态风险,综合生态危害指数最大可达1 437.37.相关性分析和主成分分析的结果表明,交通运输和农业生产可能是该研究区重金属的主要污染源,周边的工业活动对区域内重金属的累积可能也有一定影响.     

高速公路沿线PM2.5中重金属污染特征

为研究高速公路沿线PM_(2. 5)中重金属的污染特征,于2018年3～8月分3次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)的服务区、收费站、隧道和公路沿线的PM_(2. 5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2. 5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)浓度,分析其污染状况和分布情况,并利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法评价其污染特征、潜在生态危害程度.结果表明,3条高速公路服务区和收费站的PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中重金属均未表现出显著差异.高速公路沿线中PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中的重金属显示为特长隧道长隧道公路沿线、服务区和收费站,重金属浓度从高到低依次为Zn(3. 8μg·m~(-3))、Pb(10. 2×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cr(6. 8×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cu(3. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Ni(1. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))和Cd(0. 1×10-2μg·m~(-3)).不同月份PM_(2. 5)及PM_(2. 5)中重金属浓度的显著差异可归结为温度和降水的影响.其中PM_(2. 5)的浓度与温度呈反相关,而PM_(2. 5)中Zn浓度与温度呈极显著正相关,主要是由于温度升高加重轮胎磨损和金属腐蚀.高速公路PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染程度和潜在生态危害程度表现为Zn和Cd Pb Cu Ni和Cr,其中Zn和Cd污染及危害程度是评价标准中最严重的等级,大气污染防治计划应着重考虑交通源的Zn和Cd污染.