资源科学的研究对象、学科体系与建设途径

资源科学是一门研究自然资源的形成、演化、质量特征与时空分布及其与人类社会发展之相互关系的科学。资源科学的学科体系与分支学科主要包括理论资源学、综合(基础)资源学、部门(应用)资源学与区域资源学,其中,综合资源学可以续分为7个资源学科,部门资源学可以续分为9个资源学科;理论资源学作为资源科学通论,区域资源学作为资源科学在具体区域的实际应用,都可做出进一步续分;由此提出了资源科学学科体系发展的三维结构网络模式。在此基础上,结合国内外高等院校资源科学的专业设置、学位体系与课程设计,提出整合现有分列的资源科学研究内容,在国家“学科分类与代码”和“授予博士、硕士学位和培养研究生的学科、专业目录”中,增列资源科学与技术交叉学科门类;高等院校的资源与环境学院,在资源科学之下可以设立资源科学、资源技术与资源管理3个本科专业,并招收相关专业的硕士、博士研究生。以此推动资源科学学科体系的发展与高级资源科学人才的培养工作。     

计算机模拟与可视化技术在火灾科学研究中的应用

随着信息技术的不断发展,计算机模拟和可视化技术在火灾科学研究的各个方面都得到了广泛的应用,该文系统介绍了计算机模拟和可视化技术在当前火灾安全技术层面的一些重要的应用和需要解决的一些问题。     

21世纪资源环境科学面临的挑战

21世纪资源与环境科学面临的重大挑战是正确认识经济建设与资源、环境的协调关系,这方面地质科学将发挥重大的作用。本文分析了地质科学对社会经济发展的巨大推动作用,指出了21世纪地质科学面临的重大任务。     

档案工作要坚持三个面向

本文从分析档案工作的重要性入手,提出了搞好档案工作要坚持面向社会、面向科技、面向未来的工作思路,以此推动档案事业的健康发展,充分发挥其在国民经济和人民生活中应有的效益。     

The potential for citizen science to produce reliable and useful information in ecology

We examined features of citizen science that influence data quality, inferential power, and usefulness in ecology. As background context for our examination, we considered topics such as ecological sampling (probability based, purposive, opportunistic), linkage between sampling technique and statistical inference (design based, model based), and scientific paradigms (confirmatory, exploratory). We distinguished several types of citizen science investigations, from intensive research with rigorous protocols targeting clearly articulated questions to mass-participation internet-based projects with opportunistic data collection lacking sampling design, and examined overarching objectives, design, analysis, volunteer training, and performance. We identified key features that influence data quality: project objectives, design and analysis, and volunteer training and performance. Projects with good designs, trained volunteers, and professional oversight can meet statistical criteria to produce high-quality data with strong inferential power and therefore are well suited for ecological research objectives. Projects with opportunistic data collection, little or no sampling design, and minimal volunteer training are better suited for general objectives related to public education or data exploration because reliable statistical estimation can be difficult or impossible. In some cases, statistically robust analytical methods, external data, or both may increase the inferential power of certain opportunistically collected data. Ecological management, especially by government agencies, frequently requires data suitable for reliable inference. With standardized protocols, state-of-the-art analytical methods, and well-supervised programs, citizen science can make valuable contributions to conservation by increasing the scope of species monitoring efforts. Data quality can be improved by adhering to basic principles of data collection and analysis, designing studies to provide the data quality required, and including suitable statistical expertise, thereby strengthening the science aspect of citizen science and enhancing acceptance by the scientific community and decision makers.     

On allegations of invasive species denialism

Science denialism retards evidenced-based policy and practice and should be challenged. It has been a particular concern for mitigating global environmental issues, such as anthropogenic climate change. But allegations of science denialism must also be well founded and evidential or they risk eroding public trust in science and scientists. Recently, 77 published works by scholars, scientists, and science writers were identified as containing invasive species denialism (ISD; i.e., rejection of well-supported facts about invasive species, particularly the global scientific consensus about their negative impacts). We reevaluated 75 of these works but could find no examples of refutation of scientific facts and only 5 articles with text perhaps consistent with one of the 5 characteristics of science denialism. We found, therefore, that allegations of ISD were misplaced. These accusations of science denialism may have arisen because invasion biology defines its subjects—invasive species—based on multiple subjective and normative judgments. Thus, more than other applied sciences its consensus is one of shared values as much as agreed knowledge. Criticisms of invasion biology have largely targeted those subjective and normative judgments and their global imposition, not the knowledge on which the discipline is based. Regrettably, a few invasion biologists have misinterpreted the critique of their values-based consensus as a denial of their science when it is not. To make invasion biology a more robust and widely accepted science and to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts, invasion biologists could be more accepting of perspectives originating from other disciplines and more open to values-based critique from scholars and scientists outside their field. This recommendation applies to all conservation sciences, especially those addressing global challenges, because these sciences must serve and be relevant to communities with an extraordinary diversity of cultures and values.     

A moral panic over cats

Some conservationists believe that free-ranging cats pose an enormous risk to biodiversity and public health and therefore should be eliminated from the landscape by any means necessary. They further claim that those who question the science or ethics behind their arguments are science deniers (merchants of doubt) seeking to mislead the public. As much as we share a commitment to conservation of biodiversity and wild nature, we believe these ideas are wrong and fuel an unwarranted moral panic over cats. Those who question the ecological or epidemiological status of cats are not science deniers, and it is a false analogy to compare them with corporate and right-wing special interests that perpetrate disinformation campaigns over issues, such as smoking and climate change. There are good conservation and public-health reasons and evidence to be skeptical that free-ranging cats constitute a disaster for biodiversity and human health in all circumstances. Further, there are significant and largely unaddressed ethical and policy issues (e.g., the ethics and efficacy of lethal management) relative to how people ought to value and coexist with cats and native wildlife. Society is better served by a collaborative approach to produce better scientific and ethical knowledge about free-ranging cats.     

Early ontogenetic effects on song quality in the Bengalese finch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lonchura striata</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">domestica</Emphasis>): laying order,sibling competition,and song syntax

Birdsong differs from other sexual traits in that the acquisition process involves learning. Especially in close-ended learning species like the Bengalese finch, conditions experienced during the critical song-learning period can have a profound influence on song quality. Therefore, to understand song evolution from a life-history perspective, we investigated early ontogenetic effects on song quality. In particular, we focused on maternal effects and sibling competition. In asynchronously hatching bird species, the age hierarchy among nestlings affects physical development due to competition for food; mothers may influence this competition by adjusting their investment in each egg according to its sequence in the laying order. To independently assess these effects, chicks of the Bengalese finch were cross-fostered so that the age hierarchies formed in fostered broods were independent of the laying order. Our results indicate that song quality partially reflects early ontogenetic conditions, whereas song duration and note-type repertoire were independent of either laying order or age hierarchy. The syntactical complexity of note order declined over the laying sequence. This finding suggests that the song learning ability is influenced by within-clutch variation in maternal investment toward eggs. Considering that song syntactical complexity is subject to female preference in the Bengalese finch, it is likely that maternal resource allocation strategies play a role in song evolution.     

桂西北果树业的结构优化及其产业化发展——以广西自治区环江县为例

广西壮族自治区环江县选择果树业作为科技扶贫的支柱产业是近几年来探索出来的一条成功经验。通过对环江县科环公司果树业发展模式的分析,作者对桂西北果树业的结构优化及产业化道路进行了探讨。     

环境协调性材料

笔者论述了环境协调性材料开发特点及应用前景 ,指出现代高新产品或材料在生命周期内应与环境适应、协调的道理 ,并探讨了环境协调性材料的概念及开发技术 ,对开发过程中诸多影响因素进行了综合分析 ,同时提供了相应的解决办法。 更多还原