A Comparison of the Precipitation Chemistry Measurements Obtained by the CAPMoN and NADP/NTN Networks

Precipitation chemistry measurementsobtained by the Canadian Air and PrecipitationMonitoring Network (CAPMoN) and the U.S. NationalAtmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network(NADP/NTN) have been examined using more than 7 yrof collocated data from two sites, namely, Sutton,Quebec, Canada and State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.In the case of the CAPMoN data, weeklyprecipitation-weighted mean concentrations, totalsample depths and total standard gauge depths werecomputed from daily data and compared to thecorresponding weekly sampling data of the NADP/NTNnetwork. Seasonal and annual precipitation-weightedmean concentrations and deposition values were alsocomputed for both networks and compared. Statisticallysignificant between-network biases were found to existin the weekly results for most of the measuredvariables, particularly standard gauge depth, sampledepth, pH, H⁺, NO₃ ^-,NH₄ ⁺,Na⁺; the NADP/NTN values were consistently lowerthan those of CAPMoN with the exception of pH andNa⁺. The magnitude of the biases was less than35% of the median CAPMoN weekly value for the 7 yr. For most of the measured parameters, thevariability of the between-network differencesrepresented less than 20% of the median CAPMoN weeklyvalue. Both the between-network biases andvariabilities were functions of several physicalparameters, the most dominant being the sample depthand the ionic concentration. For seasonal and annualdeposition values, statistically significantbetween-network biases were found for H⁺,SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-,Ca²⁺,NH₄ ⁺ for both periods; for Mg²⁺ andK⁺ for seasonal data; and Cl^- for yearlydata, with the NADP/NTN deposition values being lowerthan those of CAPMoN. The relative biases ranged from7 to 37%. Part of the between-network bias in thedeposition estimates was directly attributable to astrong bias in the standard gauge depths of the two networks.     

Microbial Communities in Composite Biofilms Participating in the Degradation of PCB

A moorland soil site polluted with PCB showed a high diversity ofmetabolically active bacteria. Beside frequent types of 16S rRNAsequences similar to those of the species ofSphingomonasand the Acidobacterium phylum an unusual high number ofsequences from the genus Burkholderia were found. Burkholderia was also the main genus in isolates enriched onbiphenyl or various chlorobenzoates. In microcosm experimentssterilized surfaces exposed to PCB polluted soil always showed thepresence of clay aggregates formed by bacteria attached to thesubstratum. The bacteria use the PCB loaded clay colloids astransport medium for the water insoluble substrate to get accessto the carbon source. This is a novel mechanism of how bacteria dealwith hydrophobic substrates.     

DCL型燃煤固硫剂固硫技术在广州石化热电站的应用

随着环保要求的日趋严格，燃煤锅炉的脱硫已势在必行，DCL型燃煤固硫剂脱硫技术是中科院“九五攻关”项目之一，其技术原理是通过添加助剂提高固硫剂的吸附表面及其活性，同时将SO2转化为SO3或使MeSO3转化为MeSO4，从而使CaO固硫率大大提高，本文介绍了DCL型燃煤固硫的技术特点，因硫原理，固硫工艺和固硫设备及其在广州石化热电站的应用效果，通过运行数据分析和成本比较，证实DCL固硫剂固硫技术的适用性。     

生物质吸附剂处理活性艳红X-3B废水

采用城市污水处理厂二沉池的剩余活性污泥为原料，以浓度为3mol／L的ZnCl2溶液浸泡污泥，采用水蒸气为活化气和保护气，在600℃下活化污泥3h，制备出性能良好的生物质吸附剂，其碘吸附值为388．95mg／g，比表面积为447．79m^2／g，平均孔径为4．39nm，孔体积为0．31cm^3／g，微孔体积为0．09cm^3/g。实验结果表明，用该生物质吸附剂处理活性艳红X-3B废水，在废水（10mL）中活性艳红X-3B质量浓度为300mg／L、生物质吸附剂加入量为0．20g、吸附时间为30min的条件下，废水脱色率可达99．7％。活性艳红X-3B在生物质吸附剂上的吸附行为遵循Lagergren二级动力学规律，同时也可用一级吸附动力学方程描述。     

三相生物流化复合反应器中上升区与下降区气含率的关系

在自行设计的新型蜂窝断面三相生物流化复合反应器中进行了气含率的测定,试验结果表明,总平均气含率和上升区气含率均随表观气速的增加呈直线增加;并且随固含率的增加,气含率也相应增加.根据流体力学的连续性原理,推导出了三相生物流化复合反应器中上升区气含率与下降区气含率的理论关系式,并对其中的重要参数a的取值进行了讨论.试验结果上升区气含率与下降区气含率满足直线的关系,说明随着表观气速和气含率升高,上升区实际液速与下降区实际液速的比值(VLr/VLd)没有明显变化.     

基于小波网络的旅游地复合系统协调开发评价与实证

本文在阐明旅游地复合系统（简称TDCS）及其协调开发内涵的基础上，利用小波网络 的非线性特性对旅游地复合系统协调开发进行评价，避免了过去只评价旅游地开发状态过于笼统，线性规律不符合实际情况的弊病。建立了基于小波网络的旅游地复合系统协调开发评价模型，并以秦皇岛为例进行了实证研究，为旅游地开发管理提供了一种新的思路、新的方法。     

复合材料BiOI/BiOCl的制备及可见光催化降解活性艳红X-3B

以乙二醇为溶剂,利用溶剂热方法制备了不同I/Cl比的BiOI/BiOCl可见光催化材料.同时,采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRS)和光致荧光光谱(PL)对所制备材料的晶相、元素价态和光学性质等进行了表征,并以活性艳红X-3B为目标化合物,研究了不同I/Cl比对X-3B光催化降解动力学的影响.分析结果表明,BiOI和BiOCl能够得到很好的复合,在可见光范围内有很好的吸收.降解实验结果表明,I/Cl摩尔比为9∶1时,复合材料对X-3B的可见光降解效率最高,一级反应动力学速率为0.0133 min-1;TOC和COD在3 h内分别降低28%和25%左右,证明能够对所选目标染料在一定程度上实现矿化;在光催化降解活性艳红X-3B过程中起主要作用的为光生空穴.此外,还对复合材料光催化性能提高机理进行了探索与推测.     

T700碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料与2A12铝合金电偶腐蚀研究

目的研究电偶腐蚀行为。方法根据飞机服役过程中面临的典型气候条件,对T700碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料与2A12铝合金连接在不同环境温度(0,10,20,30,40℃)、不同p H值(3,5,7)和不同质量分数(3.5%,7%,10%Na Cl溶液)电解质溶液条件下进行电偶腐蚀实验,并分析各参数对电偶腐蚀的影响规律和电偶腐蚀对材料的影响。结果随着电解质溶液温度、Na Cl浓度的升高和p H值(限酸性环境)的降低,腐蚀电流逐渐增大。结论电偶腐蚀过程对复合材料影响不大,铝合金腐蚀破坏加重。     

木浆造纸黑液酸析木质素后滤液的处理工艺初探研究

采用不同的吸附剂对木浆造纸黑液酸析木质素后的滤液进行吸附处理研究,并测定其CODcr去除率和脱色率。对滤液原料(2#)的吸附工艺条件进行了考察。结果表明,在四种吸附剂中,粉末活性炭的吸附性能最好。采用粉末活性炭作为吸附剂处理滤液原料(2#)较好工艺条件为:用量为6 g,吸附时间为2.5 h~3 h,吸附温度为60℃。     

海绵铁复合填料强化SBR工艺处理城镇污水研究

以城镇污水为处理对象,通过固定化生物铁填料法对SBR工艺的强化对比试验,考察了海绵铁复合填料应用于污水处理脱氮除磷的优越性。结果表明,装填有海绵铁复合载体填料的微生物固定化体系对污水的处理效果好于普通的SBR反应器:COD和氨氮的平均去除率提高了4%~6%;出水TN浓度值降低了10~20mg/L,且系统稳定效果更好;除磷效率高达92.7%,相比提高了70%以上。同时还设计了海绵铁投加量单因素影响试验对该工艺进行了优化,结果表明:当海绵铁的投加量为120 g/L时,此生物固定化体系对城镇污水的处理效果最佳。