Insights into properties of activated carbons prepared from different raw precursors by pyrophosphoric acid activation

Low-cost activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from four kinds of solid wastes: petroleum coke, Enteromorpha prolifera, lignin from papermaking black liquid and hair, by pyrophosphoric acid (H₄P₂O₇) activation. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the pyrolysis of H₄P₂O₇-precursor mixtures implied that H₄P₂O₇ had different influences on the pyrolysis behavior of the four raw materials. N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and adsorption capacities for dyes were used to characterize the prepared activated carbons. AC derived from E. prolifera exhibited the highest surface area (1094 m²/g) and maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for malachite green (1250 mg/g). Kinetic studies showed that the experimental data were in agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the adsorption of dye onto the ACs proceeded by monolayers.     

KOH活化-微波热解制备污泥炭及其结构演化

伴随着国内水处理行业的迅速发展,产量巨大的污泥亟需找到高效的资源化方式。以污泥吸附剂的表面结构及吸附性能参数为考察指标,利用正交实验方法对制备污泥吸附剂的几项影响因素进行考察和分析。结果表明,吸附剂属于中孔吸附剂,表面碱性能团占主导。微波功率、时间、KOH浓度及碱泥比均会显著影响吸附剂的表面官能团、孔结构以及吸附性能,但影响程度各不相同。吸附质以及吸附剂的结构特性均会影响吸附性能,污泥炭吸附剂对碘、亚甲基蓝以及酸性品红均有着较好的吸附效果,污泥吸附剂的最优制备工艺条件为功率420 W,处理时间8 min,KOH浓度20%,碱泥比为0.5∶1。     

N-TiO_2/RGO催化剂的制备及其光催化性能的研究

以三乙胺为氮源,HF为形貌控制剂,采用水热法一步合成了N掺杂(001)面锐钛矿TiO_2纳米片/还原氧化石墨烯(N-Ti O2/RGO)复合催化剂,通过XRD、FTIR、SEM、TEM和Raman对样品的组成结构和形貌进行表征。以罗丹明B(Rh B)为模拟污染物,研究了不同掺N量和氧化石墨烯加入量下制备的复合材料的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当n(N)∶n(Ti)为0.5,氧化石墨烯加入量为15 m L时,N-TiO)2/RGO复合材料的光催化性能最好。在催化剂用量为0.5 g/L,罗丹明B溶液初始浓度为20 mg/L时,紫外光催化反应30 min后,罗丹明B的降解率可达94.02%。     

铁锰复合氧化物包覆海砂的吸附除磷研究

利用铁锰复合氧化物包覆海砂制备了一种用于污水除磷的新型颗粒状吸附剂,并对其表面特性与磷吸附行为进行了研究.扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果表明,包覆后海砂颗粒表面凹凸不平且多孔,BET比表面积由0.06增至2.52 m2·g-1.磷吸附实验结果表明,包覆后海砂对磷的吸附能力显著提高,最大吸附容量为1.01~1.23 mg·g-1,优于多数文献报道的负载改性砂颗粒吸附剂;吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学方程,推测磷在包覆海砂表面发生了化学吸附;溶液p H对磷吸附有一定影响,离子强度则影响不大;共存阴离子对磷吸附影响的大小顺序为Si O2-3CO2-3F-SO2-4Cl-.     

Cu/Cu_2O材料的制备及形貌调控研究

目的一步制备和调控Cu/Cu_2O材料。方法采用水热法合成Cu/Cu_2O材料,通过改变反应时间、温度,原料投料量以及乙醇和水混合溶液中溶剂比等参数来调控Cu/Cu_2O复合材料的晶体形貌和Cu含量。结果增加氨水和甲酸使用量会明显提升Cu/Cu_2O复合材料中的Cu含量,硝酸铜和混合溶液(乙醇+水)中水量增加会使Cu/Cu_2O复合材料中Cu含量减少,而反应时间和反应温度均不会使复合材料中Cu量发生变化。氨水和甲酸使用量的增加,会使样品从菜花状、正八面体或十二面体向类球状转变。而硝酸铜和混合溶液(乙醇+水)中水量增加恰好使得样品形貌向相反方向变化。另外,反应温度过高会使得晶体向正八面体转变并且逐渐出现孔隙。结论通过改变样品合成参数可成功调控Cu/Cu_2O复合材料中Cu含量和形貌。     

316L与X65在模拟流动地层水中电偶腐蚀行为

目的研究316L与X65在模拟流动地层水中电偶腐蚀行为,方法进行复合管材料X65和316L耦合在模拟流动地层水饱和CO2环境中的浸泡实验,通过电化学工作站测量电偶电流、电偶电位、开路电位及试样在不同温度和流速下极化曲线和交流阻抗图谱,另外通过电子扫描显微镜观察腐蚀形貌,对复合管电偶腐蚀行为进行分析。结果在模拟流速为0,0.2 m/s地层水中,X65耦合后的腐蚀速率分别为0.883,1.169 mm/a。结论 X65阳极反应极化程度较小,316L的阴极反应过程是整体反应速度的控制步骤。X65表面不仅发生阳极溶解,还伴随阴极反应。     

农业废弃秸秆降解菌的筛选及产酶特性研究

从土壤和有机肥样品中分离出微生物菌株,经滤纸崩溃实验和透明圈实验得到了3株高效的农业废弃秸秆降解菌,分别为SA2、MA6和HA4.经鉴定,菌株SA2和MA6均为绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride）,HA4为斜卧青霉（Penicillium decumbens）.经拮抗实验可知,菌株SA2和HA4具有很好的兼容性,并对复合菌系（SA2＋HA4）的产酶特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,复合菌系SA2＋HA4在pH=6、温度30℃、接种量3%的条件下培养3d产酶最优,产酶能力明显高于单一菌株,其纤维素酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性分别达到了193.5、25.3和55.7U·mL-1.     

隔声薄膜褶皱对微穿孔板吸声性能的影响

为提高微穿孔板结构的吸声效果,将隔声薄膜制作成褶皱结构,加入微穿孔板后空腔中,采用驻波管法进行吸声试验,测试在125 Hz到2 000 Hz的13个1/3倍频程中心频率处的吸声系数。试验结果显示:单独的隔声薄膜褶皱结构具有一定的吸声能力,褶皱的高度对其吸声能力有一定影响;隔声薄膜褶皱结构的加入能有效提高微穿孔板的吸声性能,当褶皱高度为6 cm时,加入褶皱前后,吸声峰值由0.733提高到0.977,吸声带宽由2个(800 Hz~1 250 Hz)提高到5个(400 Hz~1 000 Hz)1/3倍频程中心频率;随着褶皱高度从2 cm提高到6 cm,复合结构的吸声系数显著增加,吸声带宽随之增大,吸声频带朝低频方向移动,当褶皱高度为6 cm时,吸声峰值达到0.977,接近全吸收。试验初步研究了隔声薄膜褶皱对微穿孔板吸声性能的影响特性,为进一步的理论计算与实际应用提供一定根据。     

Response surface methodology analysis of the photocatalytic removal of Methylene Blue using bismuth vanadate prepared via polyol route

Visible-light driven photocatalyst bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) photocatalyst was synthesized by the polyol route using ethylene glycol. The precipitate was washed, dried and calcined at 450℃ for 3 hr. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, surface area (BET method) and band gap energy via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The synthesized BiVO₄ has a monoclinic phase with a surface area of 4.3 m²/g and a band gap energy of 2.46 eV. A majority of the particles were in the range of 90-130 nm as obtained from the particle size distribution histrogram. The efficiency of the sample as a visible-light driven photocatalyst was examined by photodegrading Methylene Blue (MB). The effects of some operational photodegradation parameters such as mass loading, initial dye concentration and pH were also examined. Experimental design methodology was applied by response surface modeling and optimization of the removal of MB. The multivariate experimental design was employed to develop a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the percentage removal of MB and three experimental factors (BiVO₄ loading, MB initial concentration and pH). The percentage removal of MB approached 67.21% under optimized conditions. In addition, a satisfactory goodness-of-fit was achieved between the predictive and the experimental results.     

基于CW-MECN的冷却塔拆除爆破安全风险评价

为了对冷却塔拆除爆破过程进行安全风险评价,实现对各类影响因素的动态分析,融合信息熵理论、层次分析法和集对分析理论,提出了一种组合权重(CW)与多元联系数(MECN)的拆除爆破安全风险态势评价体系,从现场安全管理、拆除爆破方案设计、爆破施工过程管理和爆区作业环境4个方面,选取17个评价指标,建立了拆除爆破安全风险评价模型。以某电厂冷却塔拆除爆破工程为例,对建立的安全风险评价模型进行了应用。结果表明,该方法实现了冷却塔拆除爆破过程中的静态风险态势和动态风险趋势的综合评价,评价结果为此类拆除爆破施工提供了决策依据,有效弥补了现有评价方法的不足。