经典等温吸附模型在重金属离子/硅藻土体系中的应用及存在问题

为了深入了解天然硅藻土对常见重金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Mn2+、Fe3+的吸附属性,同时也为了发现经典等温吸附模型应用于液/固体系时存在的问题,开展了系列等温吸附研究.结果表明,最适于描述天然硅藻土对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Fe3+吸附的模型分别为Tenkin、Tenkin、Langmuir、Tenkin、Freundlich和Freundlich模型.各离子在天然硅藻土上的吸附以物理过程为主,吸附反应容易进行.液/固体系中,应用经典等温吸附模型对试验数据进行线性拟合时,发现平衡吸附量q e不是离子平衡浓度c e的唯一函数,而是c e与吸附剂浓度W0两个变量的函数,q e与c e/W0具有一一对应的函数关系.经典等温吸附模型存在明显的吸附剂浓度效应,参数值不稳定,模拟值与实测值差异显著,缺乏实际指导意义.试验证明新的四组分模型可用于描述天然硅藻土-水溶液体系中单一离子的吸附行为,新模型参数k与q m值也具有唯一性,可用于给定体系的实际定量计算.     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust adsorption

The adsorption of lead, cadmium and nicel from aqueous solution by sawdust of walnut was investigated. The effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on metal ions removal has been studied. The equilibrium time was found to be of the order of 60 min. Kinetics fit pseudo first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, hence adsorption rate constants were calculated. The adsorption data of metal ions at temperatures of 25, 45 and 60~C have been described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters such as energy, entropy and enthalpy changes for the adsorption of heavy metal ions have also been computed and discussed. Ion exchange is probably one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding divalent metal ions to the walnut sawdust. The selectivity order of the adsorbent is Pb（I1）~Cd（II）〉Ni（I1）. From these results, it can be concluded that the sawdust of walnut could be a good adsorbent for the metal ions from aqueous solutions.     

改性生物炭对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附行为及机理

采用氯化铝和高锰酸钾对生物炭进行改性,研究生物炭表面Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附规律及吸附机理。实验结果表明,在固液比为2.5 g/L、pH为4、吸附温度为25 ℃、吸附时间为240 min、溶液初始质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,BC、Al-BC和KMnO₄-BC对Sb（Ⅲ）的平衡吸附量分别为1.13,2.12,2.98 mg/g。KMnO₄-BC和Al-BC的吸附机理不同,KMnO₄-BC等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温模型,吸附动力学过程遵循拟二级动力学方程;Freundlich模型和拟一级动力学方程更适合描述Al-BC对Sb（Ⅲ）的吸附。3种生物炭的吸附过程都以物理吸附为主,同时有化学吸附的参与。BET比表面积与FTIR分析结果表明,Al-BC吸附量大主要得益于比表面积及孔体积的增大。     

海泡石颗粒的制备及其吸附油烟效能的研究

用X射线衍射分析了原海泡石矿的纯度,根据原海泡石特性提出“分散-提纯-活化-成型”的制备海泡石颗粒的工艺流程。用所制得的粒径为1.8海泡石颗粒进行油烟吸附实验,分析了海泡石吸附油烟的容量,绘出吸附穿透曲线,并提出海泡石吸附剂再生的方法,同时将海泡石与活性炭吸附油烟的效率做了对比实验。实验结果表明:海泡石成本低,油烟去除率高,是一种理想的油烟净化剂。     

Facile fabrication of dolomite-doped biochar/bentonite for effective removal of phosphate from complex wastewaters

● Dolomite-doped biochar/bentonite was synthesized for phosphate removal. ● DO/BB exhibited a high phosphate adsorption capacity in complex water environments. ● PVC membrane incorporated with DO/BB can capture low concentration phosphate. ● Electrostatic interaction, complexation and precipitation are main mechanisms. The removal of phosphate from wastewater using traditional biological or precipitation methods is a huge challenge. The use of high-performance adsorbents has been shown to address this problem. In this study, a novel composite adsorbent, composed of dolomite-doped biochar and bentonite (DO/BB), was first synthesized via co-pyrolysis. The combination of initial phosphate concentration of 100 mg/L and 1.6 g/L of DO/BB exhibited a high phosphate-adsorption capacity of 62 mg/g with a removal efficiency of 99.8%. It was also stable in complex water environments with various levels of solution pH, coexisting anions, high salinity, and humic acid. With this new composite, the phosphate concentration of the actual domestic sewage decreased from 9 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L, and the total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand also decreased effectively. Further, the cross-flow treatment using a PVC membrane loaded with DO/BB (PVC-DO/BB), decreased the phosphate concentration from 1 to 0.08 mg/L, suggesting outstanding separation of phosphate pollutants via a combination of adsorption and separation. In addition, the removal of phosphate by the PVC-DO/BB membrane using NaOH solution as an eluent was almost 90% after 5 cycles. The kinetic, isotherm and XPS analysis before and after adsorption suggested that adsorption via a combination of electrostatic interaction, complexation and precipitation contributed to the excellent separation by the as-obtained membranes.     

人造沸石的载铁改性及除去水中氟的性能

以人造沸石为载体,采用盐酸浸泡活化和氯化铁溶液浸泡改性的方法制备除氟吸附剂,用模拟高氟水样进行静态吸附及动态过柱实验.动力学研究结果表明:吸附剂吸附速度快,40 min接近吸附平衡,吸附速率可用拟二级动力学方程描述.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量为9.83 mg/g,吸附平衡常数为0.030 2 L/m...     

煤矸石的改性及其对稀土生产废水中氨氮的吸附

采用热改性、盐酸改性、硫酸改性、碱改性的方法分别制备了4种改性煤矸石吸附剂,研究了吸附工艺条件对4种改性煤矸石吸附剂对稀土生产废水中氨氮去除效果的影响以及吸附机理.实验结果表明:4种改性煤矸石吸附剂吸附氨氮的最佳工艺条件为:吸附剂加入量0.02 g/mL,振荡时间2.5 h,废水pH 7～8;4种吸附剂氨氮去除率大小顺序为:碱改性煤矸石＞硫酸改性煤矸石＞盐酸改性煤矸石＞热改性煤矸石;碱改性煤矸石的氨氮去除率最高,为59.19％;碱改性煤矸石吸附剂对含氨废水中氨氮的吸附较好地符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程,在一定程度上符合Temkin方程.     

锰锌铁氧体/SiO_2复合磁性材料的制备和表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为包覆材料,对锰锌铁氧体纳米颗粒进行SiO2包覆,制备出锰锌铁氧体/SiO_2复合磁性材料。利用FTIR,XRD,SEM等技术对其进行了表征,并研究了其对模拟亚甲基蓝废水的吸附脱色效果。实验结果表明:当SiO_2质量分数为40%1时,采用先将锰锌铁氧体在柠檬酸溶液中搅拌分散3 h后,加人氨水调节溶液pH,再继续搅拌分散3 h的分段分散方法制备的复合磁性材料对亚甲基蓝废水的处理效果更好,处理亚甲基蓝质量浓度为50 mg/L、COD为160 mg/L的废水,废水脱色率为97.2%,COD去除率为19.3%。表征结果显示:复合磁性材料锰锌铁氧体/SiO_2为球形颗粒,平均粒径为100 nm;SiO_2包覆前后锰锌铁氧体的晶型均为尖晶石型结构,在复合磁性材料中SiO_2以无定型的形态存在。     

复合淋洗条件下农用地耕作层土壤去镉效率及其功能调节

为探究中（重）度重金属元素镉（Cd）污染农用地土壤淋洗修复的可行性,采用土柱模拟原位淋洗的方法,选择柠檬酸（CA）+氯化铁（FeCl₃）复合淋洗剂,在最佳浓度组合及淋洗剂添加量下,探究Cd在耕作层及其以下剖面层的分布特征,同时考察淋洗过程对土壤健康质量的影响及生物质炭的调节效果.结果表明:（1）0.1 mol·L^-1 CA与0.01mol·L^-1 FeCl₃是最佳浓度组合,此浓度组合下,当淋洗剂添加量为9孔隙体积时,淋洗后20 cm土柱中Cd含量低于供试土壤相应pH值的风险筛选值0.4 mg·kg^-1（GB 15618-2018）.（2）最佳淋洗条件下,60 cm土柱中Cd的纵向分布结果表明,淋洗后随土层深度增加总Cd含量依次递增,且土柱淋出液中含有一定量Cd,淋洗过程促进了Cd向下迁移.复合淋洗后土壤有效态Cd含量也随土层深度的增加而增加,这部分归因于不同土层可交换态及碳酸盐结合态Cd含量的变化.（3）CA+FeCl₃复合淋洗可导致土壤部分健康指标及酶活...     

复合人工湿地系统强化处理单元的运行特性与效果

针对目前人工湿地运行中的水流分布不均、易堵塞、溶解氧不足导致NH4+-N硝化不充分及除磷率低下等问题,研究了作为复合人工湿地系统组成要素的高负荷水解酸化池、自然复氧/沉淀一体化装置、强化除磷脱氮槽等强化处理单元的运行特性及对全系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,高负荷水解酸化池对COD、SS有较强的去除作用,分别占系统总去除率的38.05%和34.82%;一体化装置对SS的去除占系统总去除率的22.01%,并使DO提高到2.5 mg·L-1以上;经两段强化除磷脱氮槽的强化处理,TP综合去除率提高8%以上,并使湿地出水各类污染物全面达到GB 18918-2002一级A标准.