Arsenic in Drinking Water and Its Removal

Abstract

Superfluous arsenic in drinking water can do harm to human health. In this paper, a broad overview of the available technologies for arsenic removal has been presented on the basis of literature survey. The main treatment methods included coagulation-sedimentation, adsorption separation and ion exchange, membrane technique, which have both advantages and disadvantages. It concluded that the selection of treatment process should be site specific and prevailing conditions and no process can serve the purpose under diverse conditions as each technology has its own limitations. In order to gain good results, some methods should be improved.     

Fate of microplastics in a coastal wastewater treatment plant: Microfibers could partially break through the integrated membrane system

• Fate of microplastics in integrated membrane system for water reuse was investigated. • Integrated membrane system has high removal efficiency (>98%) for microplastics. • Microplastics (>93%) were mainly removed through membrane bioreactor treatment. • Small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through reverse osmosis (RO) system. • The flux of microplastics maintained at 2.7 × 10¹¹ MPs/d after the RO treatment. Rare information on the fate of microplastics in the integrated membrane system (IMS) system in full-scale wastewater treatment plant was available. The fate of microplastics in IMS in a coastal reclaimed water plant was investigated. The removal rate of microplastics in the IMS system reached 93.2% after membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment while that further increased to 98.0% after the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process. The flux of microplastics in MBR effluent was reduced from 1.5 × 10¹³ MPs/d to 10.2 × 10¹¹ MPs/d while that of the RO treatment decreased to 2.7 × 10¹¹ MPs/d. Small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through RO system according to the size distribution analysis. The application of the IMS system in the reclaimed water plant could prevent most of the microplastics from being discharged in the coastal water. These findings suggested that the IMS system was more efficient than conventional activated sludge system (CAS) for the removal of microplastics, while the discharge of small scale fiber plastics through the IMS system should also not be neglected because small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through IMS system equipped with the RO system.     

Enhanced cross-flow filtration with flat-sheet ceramic membranes by titanium-based coagulation for membrane fouling control

• Ceramic membrane filtration showed high performance for surface water treatment. • PTC pre-coagulation could enhance ceramic membrane filtration performance. • Ceramic membrane fouling was investigated by four varied mathematical models. • PTC pre-coagulation was high-effective for ceramic membrane fouling control. Application of ceramic membrane (CM) with outstanding characteristics, such as high flux and chemical-resistance, is inevitably restricted by membrane fouling. Coagulation was an economical and effective technology for membrane fouling control. This study investigated the filtration performance of ceramic membrane enhanced by the emerging titanium-based coagulant (polytitanium chloride, PTC). Particular attention was paid to the simulation of ceramic membrane fouling using four widely used mathematical models. Results show that filtration of the PTC-coagulated effluent using flat-sheet ceramic membrane achieved the removal of organic matter up to 78.0%. Permeate flux of ceramic membrane filtration reached 600 L/(m²·h), which was 10-fold higher than that observed with conventional polyaluminum chloride (PAC) case. For PTC, fouling of the ceramic membrane was attributed to the formation of cake layer, whereas for PAC, standard filtration/intermediate filtration (blocking of membrane pores) was also a key fouling mechanism. To sum up, cross-flow filtration with flat-sheet ceramic membranes could be significantly enhanced by titanium-based coagulation to produce both high-quality filtrate and high-permeation flux.     

基于CO2气体分离的固载离子液体@介孔二氧化硅混合基质膜

为提升混合基质膜对CO₂的气体分离性能,将具有良好CO₂吸附特性能的离子液体首先固载于介孔SiO₂中,而后将该复合材料掺杂到 聚酰亚胺高分子中构建高效分离CO₂的混合基质膜.研究结果表明,固载离子液体主要进入介孔SiO₂的孔道内部,但当绝大部分介孔孔道被离子液体填满后,过多离子液体在SiO₂颗粒外围形成连接.由于离子液体对CO₂优异的吸附性能,其固载后介孔SiO₂对CO₂的吸附性能得到的显著提升,这进一步增强了固载离子液体的介孔SiO₂掺杂混合基质膜对CO₂气体的捕获,随着混合基质膜中离子液体固载量增加其CO₂渗透性能也明显提升.但当固载离子液体加入量达到1.0 g时,固载离子液体的介孔SiO₂在PI高分子中出现了团聚,其CO₂渗透性能反而下降.IL@C-SiO₂-2/PI膜的渗透性能和对CO₂的渗透选择性都达到最佳,其对CO₂/N₂理想选择性可达到30.     

稀土对植物抗逆作用的自由基机制

通过研究及收集的资料，提出在植物生长期中，稀土元素能增加植物的抗逆性，当植物受到酸雨、重金属及盐胁迫时，稀土表现出抗氧化性质，而且稀土对植物的抗逆作用是由于其具有清除含氧自由基的作用。     

石化企业中间罐区VOCs治理工艺选择与流程优化

石化企业中间罐区VOCs排放量较大,多采用吸收、冷凝、膜分离及其组合工艺进行处理。本文采用AspenPlus软件分别对高、中、低浓度中间罐区VOCs废气应用上述3种工艺及其工艺组合的处理效果进行模拟计算。结果表明:中间罐区的VOCs经过不同组合的二级处理后,尾气VOCs质量浓度约为9～50 g/m~3,后续仍需采用深度处理工艺以满足新的国家及地方污染物排放标准要求;同时,对比3种工艺能耗情况,冷凝法最低,膜分离法次之,吸收法最高,约为冷凝法能耗的5～10倍。以上模拟计算结果与实际工况数据基本符合,证明采用Aspen Plus软件进行石化企业中间罐区VOCs治理工艺选择与流程优化是可行的,具有一定的参考价值。     

有机溶剂回收技术的研究

本文对有机溶剂的回收方法，如吸附法、吸收法、冷凝法和膜分离法等的研究进展与应用进行了综述。其中，吸附法在工业上的应用最为广泛，本文着重介绍了吸附法的工艺以及吸附剂的研究。而膜分离法作为最有发展前景的一种回收方法，主要问题为提高膜的通量和选择性。     

Why biota still accumulate high levels of PCB after removal of PCB contaminated sediments in a Norwegian fjord

Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) was still high after the removal of PCB contaminated sediments from a Norwegian fjord by dredging. The accumulation of low chlorinated PCB congeners with a low octanol water-partitioning coefficient (K_ow) in blue mussels and SPMDs was higher than for the highly chlorinated congeners with a high K_ow. The accumulation of low chlorinated congeners was also higher in a lightly contaminated area compared to a highly contaminated area. That dredging the contaminated sediments was unsuccessful in lowering PCB levels in the biota may be for the following reasons: (1) Due to the low solubility of PCBs in the water it is possible that a decrease in the sediment concentration of PCB would leave the water concentrations of PCB unchanged. (2) Removal of the fine organic sediments may also play an important role, since a seabed with coarse inorganic material has a lesser ability to bind PCB. (3) The dredging may whirl up fine contaminated particles that eventually settles on the seabed producing a thin contaminated sediment layer that determine the water concentration. (4) Bioaccumulation in blue mussels and in the SPMDs occurs mostly from PCB dissolved in the water column. Since the water concentration of PCB is unchanged by the dredging, the accumulation in SPMDs and mussels is the same as before dredging. Further monitoring need to be carried out to report the long-term effect of the dredging.     

水中污染物对阳离子交换膜分离去除Cu2+的影响

基于Donnan dialysis原理,在无外加电压作用下采用阳离子交换膜分离去除原水中的Cu2+,研究原水中可能出现的无机颗粒物,有机物质,EDTA酸、氨水、Fe3+、表面活性剂等对阳离子交换膜分离去除Cu2+效果的影响.研究表明:原水中添加二氧化硅、腐殖酸、EDTA酸、氨水、Fe3+、表面活性剂等物质,在长时间运行后均会对离子交换膜去除Cu2+有不同程度的影响;二氧化硅和非离子表面活性剂等污染物不会和膜及Cu2+发生物理化学反应,对膜去除Cu2+效果影响较小,相比空白样,Cu2+去除率下降约4%;氨水、阴离子表面活性剂等会导致Cu2+发生沉淀反应,腐殖酸会吸附Cu2+,使原水中游离态Cu2+浓度显著降低约50%;EDTA酸、氨水、阴离子表面活性剂等会与Cu2+形成络合物,对去除Cu2+有严重影响,相比空白样, Cu2+去除率分别下降约100%(EDTA酸)、78%(氨水)、56%(阴离子表面活性剂);阳离子表面活性剂存在时,其会大量占据膜内空间,Cu2+基本无去除;Fe3+在弱酸性或中性水中会水解生成氢氧化铁胶体,对去除Cu2+有一定影响,相比空白样, Cu2+去除率下降约12%.     

环境因素对菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响

通过改变溶液温度、pH值、ATP浓度、钙浓度和培养液的钙浓度等条件,研究了菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性的变化.结果表明,根细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性在pH 6.0时最高,其最适反应温度为40℃;叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase在一个较宽的pH范围内具有高活性,最适反应温度为45℃;溶液中ATP浓度分别为3mmol/L和4mmol/L时菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性最大;无论是菹草根还是叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性,在溶液钙浓度为10-4mol/L时都最高.在营养液中添加不同CaCl2浓度培养菹草,其根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性表现出差异,根细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性比叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性高,且随营养液中钙浓度的增加,这种差异加大;当营养液中钙浓度在10mg/L(2.5×10-4 mol/L)以下时,Ca2+-ATPase活性逐渐上升,营养液中钙浓度由10mg/L增加到15mg/L,Ca2+-ATPase活性陡然下降,这与溶液钙浓度对Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响相呼应.