无机复合调理剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

针对污泥的固化填埋或建材化利用等后续处置方式,采用FeCl3与生石灰、粉煤灰两种骨架构建体为主要成分的无机复合调理剂对市政污泥进行调理.通过污泥真空抽滤、离心脱水及比阻测定实验,分别确定FeCl3、生石灰、粉煤灰的优化投加量为2.0 g.L-1、20.0 g.L-1、30.0 g.L-1.在优化投加量下,污泥比阻可降到...     

膜序批式间歇反应器的膜污染特性及控制

采取厌-好氧交替运行、实验室人工配水的方式,连续运行300 d,研究膜序批式间歇反应器运行过程的膜污染特性及其控制.结果表明,在运行初期的75 d内,污泥处于絮体状,SVI值64.6～110.6 　mL·g^-1,膜污染呈快速指数增长趋势,TMP平均增长速率为0.309　kPa·d^-1,膜阻力变化在0.393×10¹¹～1.298×10¹¹ m^-1·d^-1之间,比膜通量从4.4 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1下降为0.52 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1,75　d时的临界膜通量为20 　L·(m²·h)^-1.从75～120　d对系统进行了调控,反应器培养出好氧颗粒污泥,SVI值逐渐下降,从170　d开始,SVI一直保持在40 　mL·g^-1左右,污泥粒径逐渐增大,220　d时污泥粒径分布大多在500～1 000　μm.120～300　d运行过程中的膜污染呈缓慢增长趋势,TMP平均增长率仅为0.062 　kPa·d^-1,膜阻力变化率在0.291×10¹¹～0.404×10¹¹m^-1·d^-1,比膜通量从4.4 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1下降为1.4 　L·(m²·h·kPa)^-1,220 d时的临界膜通量为40 　L·(m²·h)^-1.这些数据表明好氧颗粒污泥的培养对减缓膜污染发生具有极大作用.曝气强度为100 m³·(m²·h)^-1时,比膜通量最大,曝气强度为69 m³·(m²·h)^-1时,膜污染速率最小.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3--P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3--P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

可见光响应Pr3+:Y2SiO5/ TiO2薄膜的制备

目的研究层涂法制备Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5/TiO_2复合薄膜的结构与可见光催化性能。方法分别以钛酸丁酯(TBOT)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得TiO_2凝胶和Pr掺杂的Y_2SiO_5凝胶,以碳纤维为薄膜载体,并通过浸渍提拉法制备Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5/TiO_2层涂薄膜,研究层涂法制备复合薄膜对复合薄膜结构、形貌以及光催化效果的影响。结果复合薄膜具有明显的分层界限,形貌较平整,有较少龟裂;复合薄膜性能受涂覆次序的影响较大。结论依次将Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5和TiO_2涂覆在碳纤维上的复合薄膜具有较好的光催化性能,可见光光照2 h,对亚甲基蓝的脱色率达到94%,其可见光催化效率高于TiO_2薄膜的59%。     

利用边界层理论确定预涂动态膜生物反应器稳定曝气量的试验研究

研究了膜生物反应器中低浓度活性污泥的流变性,确定当污泥浓度低于8 000mg·L^-1时的泥水混合液近似于牛顿流体,进而利用牛顿流体力学中边界层理论计算预涂动态膜(PDM)厚度等于平板膜表面层流边界层厚度时的稳定曝气量.为保证预涂动态膜生物反应器(PDMBR)运行的稳定性,在其运行初期选择满足生物所需最佳溶解氧(DO)3～5 mg·L^-1的供氧曝气量,随后逐渐增加到稳定曝气量的运行方式.实验结果表明,此运行方式能较好地提高动态膜的稳定性,在稳定运行的31d内出水COD低于12.48 mg·L^-1,平均去除率达到97.49%,NH₄⁺-N约为5.27 mg·L^-1,平均去除率为76.13%,而操作压力仅上升至27kPa.试验后期考察了PDMBR在高于稳定曝气量下运行的稳定性,发现PDM发生脱落,从而证明利用边界层理论确定的预涂类动态膜的稳定曝气量具有一定的应用价值.     

玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料导热系数调控

目的 明确玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料导热系数的影响因素和规律,并制备出超低导热系数的玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料.方法 以超细玄武岩纤维针刺毡为增强体,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,采用酸/碱两步法和超临界干燥制备玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料,研究玄武岩纤维质量配比、玄武岩纤维针刺毡针刺密度、玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料名义厚度对玄武岩纤维...     

The identification of readily bioavailable pollutants in lake shkodra/skadar using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), bioassays and chemical analysis

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Lake Shkodra/Skadar is the largest lake in the Balkans region and located on the border between Albania to the south and Montenegro to the north. Because of the wide range of endemic, rare or endangered plant and animal species it supports, Lake Shkodra/Skadar and its extensive associated wetlands are internationally recognised as a site of significance and importance (Ramsar site). In recent years, social and economic changes in both Albania and Montenegro have lead to unprecedented levels of urban and industrial effluent entering the lake. Of particular concern is the increasing input of toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) into the lake and the degree to which these compounds are available for uptake by aquatic biota. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been shown to sample the readily bioavailable fraction (dissolved phase) of waterborne HOPs and in doing so provide relevant data for exposure assessment. The aim of the current study was to use SPMD-based sampling in conjunction with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis to identify readily bioavailable HOPs in the lake. METHODS: SPMDs were constructed and deployed at three sites in the Albanian sector and three sites in the Montenegrin sector of Lake Skadar/Shkodra for 21 days. Following the dialytic recovery of target analytes and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, aliquots of SPMD samples were subjected to GC-MS scan analysis for major components, GC-MS SIM analysis for 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PP-PAHs) and assayed for EROD-inducing, estrogenic and mutagenic potential using rainbow trout liver cells (RTL-W1), the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the Ames Test, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 39 compounds were tentatively identified in SPMD samples from the six sampling sites. Alkylated PAHs were the most abundant and ubiquitous compounds present along with various sterols and sterol derivatives. Numerous other compounds remain unidentified. 15 of the 16 targeted PP-PAHs were present in samples from one or more of the sampling sites indicating these compounds are both readily bioavailable and widely distributed in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Total PP-PAH concentrations ranged between 3991 ng/SPMD and 10695 ng/SPMD. Bioassays carried out on SPMD samples revealed significant EROD-inducing and estrogenic potential at five of the six sampling sites indicating toxicologically relevant compounds are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota. EROD-inducing potential was positively correlated with targeted PP-PAH concentration (r2 = 0.74). However, comparison of bioassay- and analytically-derived toxicity equivalents revealed targeted PP-PAHs were responsible for less than 0.06% of the total EROD-inducing potential. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK: The combination of SPMD-based sampling with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis provided an effective tool for the identification of environmentally relevant waterborne pollutants in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Our results show that toxicologically relevant HOPs including EROD-inducing and potentially estrogenic compounds are widely distributed in the lake and readily available for uptake by aquatic biota. Our results also suggest that alkylated PAHs rather than parent compounds may be of greater toxicological relevance in the lake. As anthropogenic influences continue to increase, SPMD-based sampling is expected to play a central role in future research concerned with the identification, monitoring and assessment of the risk posed by HOPs to Lake Shkodra/Skadar's aquatic biota.     

大直径变截面钢管复合桩竖向承载性能研究∗

为了研究大直径变截面钢管复合桩竖向承载性能,选取鱼山大桥37#桩开展了自平衡试桩试验,并利用数值模拟软件ABAQUS对实际工况进行模拟,在验证了数值模型正确性的基础上对模型施加桩顶竖向荷载,分析了其桩身轴力与钢管应力传递规律,并通过改变变截面位置参数建立不同工况模型,分析了变截面位置对桩基竖向承载性能的影响。研究结果表明:自平衡试桩试验Q-s曲线没有突变较为平缓,经计算该桩单桩承载力为120 056kN,为单桩设计桩顶最大竖向荷载38 212 kN的3.14倍,桩基足够安全;数值模拟结果与实测较为吻合,数值模拟方法以及参数选取得当;变截面位置以上桩身轴力减小较缓,变截面处桩身轴力存在突变,变截面以下桩身轴力减小较快,桩端有端阻力存在,钢管处于弹性变形阶段并未屈服;变截面位置以上桩段越长桩基抵抗竖向变形能力越强,但生产实际中应考虑材料用量以达到最优。     

用树脂—半透膜囊对水环境中有效态金属含量进行长期监测I、树脂—半透膜囊对铜的吸附及不同树脂的差别

在实验室条件下，研究了阳离子交换树脂－半透膜囊对水中游离态铜的吸附作用，比较了装填不同型号树脂的半透膜囊的吸附过程。研究结果表明，在常量阳离子含量较铜离子含量高三个数量级的条件下，所研究树脂都能选择性地吸附铜，其中Ｃｈｅｌｅｘ１００与ＡｍｂｅｒｌｉｔｅＩＲ－１２０树脂对铜的亲和性最强。吸附过程在数十天内呈线住，且远未饱和。藻类、细菌及各类杂质的存在对吸附过程有明显影响。