Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification. The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitrate- containing influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution; the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source. The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Relative to the single dose of external ethanol, the two-dose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of NO3--N and ethanol (as measured by total organic carbon) of the effluent. The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m^-2·h^-1 for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study. The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.     

土壤和沉积物中重金属积累及其Pb、S同位素示踪

对榨子厂附近一个废弃多年的古老土法炼锌点土壤和沉积物中重金属的积累及污染程度进行了研究。研究区土壤、沉积物样品中Pb、Zn、Cd含量已大大高于该地区的背景值,zn的积累明显大于Pb的积累程度。相关分析表明,土壤和沉积物中Fe2O3对重金属有强烈的固定作用。沉积物和土壤中有很高的综合污染指数,显示出重金属的污染程度很高。化学形态分析表明重金属以碳酸盐结合态、残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,有效态所占的比例很低,但其含量并不很低,在酸性条件下,有释放导致污染的可能性。同位素示踪结果显示,研究区土壤和沉积物中积累的Pb、S为矿山物质来源。     

有机大分子对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜偏硅酸钠污染的影响

选用腐殖酸(HA),海藻酸钠(SA),牛血清蛋白(BSA)和偏硅酸钠分别模拟水体中有机大分子和无机污染物对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行了膜污染试验.结合原子力显微镜(AFM)及自制的胶体探针定量测定了不同条件下,膜-偏硅酸钠以及偏硅酸钠-偏硅酸钠之间的作用力.分析了污染膜的表面结构特征及其通量恢复率,系统考察了膜表面吸附不同有机大分子后,对随后硅酸盐污染行为的影响.结果表明:膜表面吸附HA和SA后,膜面负电位增加,与偏硅酸钠之间静电斥力变大,导致其结合能力减弱,减缓了结垢污染.然而,吸附BSA后的膜与无有机条件膜相比,负电位基本一致,故对纳滤膜结垢过程几乎无影响.     

军绿有机涂层破损腐蚀行为研究

目的研究不同破损程度下军绿有机涂层的腐蚀行为,确定破损率对其防护性能变化的影响。方法通过人工制作不同的破损率,并利用电化学阻抗谱技术,研究不同破损程度下军绿有机涂层的电化学特征。结果根据不同破损程度下的军绿有机涂层的电化学特征,确定了涂层从完好到失效的四个阶段,初始完好阶段(破损率K≤0.0004%)、破损增大阶段(0.0016%K≤0.04%)、破损过大阶段(0.16%K≤1%)和失效阶段(4%K≤16%)。结论破损率K为0.04%的点是该涂层防护性能急转直下的转折点,因此破损率K大于0.04%时,应及时对车辆表面涂层进行修补和防护。     

中心组合设计制备高比表面铝基核桃果皮多孔碳材料

以农业废弃物核桃青果皮为原料、F127为微结构调控剂、硝酸铝为中心配位离子,通过中心组合设计,螯合辅助共组装策略制备了系列铝基多孔碳材料并对制备参数进行优化分析。选择硝酸铝浓度、铝基复合材料与F127的质量比和碳化温度作为优化因素,研究各因素的不同水平对系列碳材料比表面积的影响。得到制备的最优条件为硝酸铝浓度1 mol·L-1,铝基复合材料与F127质量比为2.5及碳化温度850 °C。在此条件下,制备得到的碳样品的比表面积为1 505.86 m2·g-1,与预测值1 503.77 m2·g-1接近,说明与响应方程模型高度拟合。     

超细无碱玻纤复合滤料的过滤性能

袋式除尘是一种高效的除尘技术,对PM2.5具有较高的过滤效率,但是其运行阻力较大,因此,研发高效、低阻过滤材料是解决大气污染问题的关键所在。以耐高温的PPS纤维针刺布为上下层,超细无碱玻纤为中间层,经过超声波粘合或线缝合技术制备了多层复合过滤材料,研究了滤料在容尘状态下的过滤效率、过滤阻力,以及孔径变化。结果表明,该复合滤料的初始阻力低于150 Pa,容尘后对0.2~2 μm的颗粒物的过滤效率达80%以上;随着粉尘的沉积,滤料的过滤效率有了较大提高,对1 μm以上颗粒物的过滤效率可达99.99%以上,对最易透过粒径（MPPS）的过滤效率达95%以上;过滤前后,滤料的孔径分布发生了变化,过滤后滤料出现了1~5 μm的孔径分布。该复合滤料在工业高温粉尘过滤中将会有较好的应用前景。     

PbO_2复合电极预处理甲苯二胺废水

通过涂覆—热分解法与电沉积法制备了β-PbO_2/α-PbO_2/SnO_2-Sb2O3/Ti复合电极(PbO_2复合电极),采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、循环伏安法(CV)、线性极化法(LSV)和加速寿命试验对电极进行表征。将PbO_2复合电极用于处理甲苯二胺(TDA)废水,考察了电解质浓度、电流密度对TDA降解效果的影响。实验结果表明:α-PbO_2呈梭状,β-PbO_2呈花菜状,多层结构的PbO_2电极利于提高电极的稳定性和活性;PbO_2复合电极的析氧电位(1.9 V)明显高于TDA的氧化电位(1.28 V),其使用寿命长达486 d;在电流密度为60 m A/cm2、Na2SO4质量浓度为10 g/L、电解时间为240 min的条件下,对COD为4 791.74 mg/L、TDA质量浓度为486.4mg/L的废水进行处理,TDA去除率高达97.3%,COD去除率可达88.1%。     

石墨-活性炭纤维复合电极电吸附处理含盐废水的研究

高盐废水是目前水处理领域的难点,作为一种新型的除盐技术,电吸附技术具有众多优点.本文研究了一种新型碳基复合材料,石墨-活性炭纤维复合电极,并考察了其应用于电吸附的影响因素和除盐效果.在电压为1.6 V,停留时间为60min,极板间距为1 cm时电吸附装置的除盐效果最优.用其分别对精制棉黑液和叶绿素铜钠废水进行了处理.电极对数为8对时对经酸析处理后的精制棉黑液的电导率和COD的去除率分别达到58.8%和75.6%;电极对数为6~8时对叶绿素铜钠生产废水的电导率的去除率能超过50.0%,COD的去除率约为13.5%.     

Quantitative assessment in safety reports of the consequences from the detonation of solid explosives

Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper.     

镀液循环流量对封闭循环电沉积Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响

目的 研究封闭式镀液循环装置中不同镀液循环流量对Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响规律,优化镀液循环流量参数.方法 以Q235管状工件为待镀基体,以添加SiC颗粒的改良瓦特镀液为母液,在自主研发的封闭式镀液循环电镀装置中以0.3、0.5、0.7 m3/h的镀液循环流量于管件内壁制备Ni-SiC复合镀层,通过SEM检测、XRD测试、硬度测试和摩擦磨损性能测试等手段,对各Ni-SiC复合镀层宏微观形貌、厚度、成分、结构、硬度和耐磨性进行分析研究.结果 在0.5 m3/h流量条件下,镀层厚度为32.98μm,SiC颗粒含量为15.37％,镀层晶粒尺寸和硬度分别为10.84 nm和704HK0.245,该条件下制备的Ni-SiC复合镀层具有最佳耐磨性,摩擦系数为0.41,体积磨损率仅2.83×10–5 mm3/Nm.结论 在不同镀液循环流量参数下,采用该封闭式循环电镀装置,均可制得均匀完整的Ni-SiC复合镀层.随镀液循环流量的升高,镀层厚度和SiC颗粒体积含量均降低,镀层颜色金属光泽增强,镀层晶粒尺寸先减小、后增大,镀层硬度则先升高、后降低.