(M)VOC and composting facilities. Part 1: (M)VOC emissions from municipal biowaste and plant refuse

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Malodorous volatiles derived from the decomposition of biowaste within the process of composting might pose a risk to human health. Different techniques of process engineering have been developed to minimise the burden of malodorous compounds in air possibly affecting compost workers and residents in the vicinity. METHODS: In the present study, three different composting facilities were examined for the emission of volatiles to estimate the impact of process engineering on the dispersal of odorous compounds and to discuss its relevance for human health. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Concentrations of single compounds belonging to alcohols, ketones, furanes, sulfur-containing compounds and especially terpenes ranged from 10(2) up to nearly 10(6) ng/m3 depending on the sampling sites and the process engineering. The ratio of MVOC and total VOC measured changed throughout the process of biodegradation. A certain combination of volatile compounds coincided with the occurrence of typical compost odour. CONCLUSION: The type of process engineering seemed to have a major impact on the emission of volatiles, as amounts of (microbial) volatiles emitted were characteristic for the different techniques used. Thus, the MVOC emission basically depends on the degree of biodegradation. It is likely that the concentrations workers are exposed to can have an impact on human health. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: It is obvious that less sophisticated types of process engineering give rise to greater amounts of bioaerosols and volatiles and, therefore, technical devices have to be improved and controlled regularly to minimise adverse health effects on workers.     

施用污泥堆肥及其水溶性有机物对土壤中荧蒽解吸-淋滤的影响

以荧蒽（Fluoranthene）为多环芳烃（PAHs）的代表,通过序批试验及土柱淋洗试验研究了污泥堆肥及污泥堆肥水溶性有机物（DOM）对污染土壤中荧葸解吸和淋滤的影响．施用污泥堆肥实验结果表明,污泥堆肥施入土壤后的短时间内由于带入和产生的DOM而表现出促进土壤中荧蒽的解吸与淋滤,但随着DOM的降解,该作用逐渐消失．污泥堆肥充分腐熟后（腐熟堆肥）因DOM少而稳定的腐殖质等固相有机质含量相对较多,而表现出施用腐熟堆肥后土壤更易对荧葸吸持．单独施用污泥堆肥DOM后的试验,也进一步表明了污泥堆肥DOM的存在确实能促进土壤中荧蒽的迁移,且在相同DOM浓度下,腐熟堆肥DOM对土壤中荧蒽的解吸和淋滤的促进作用明显高于初始堆肥DOM处理,原因在于腐熟堆肥DOM中大分子组分和疏水性组分的含量比初始堆肥的DOM要多．因此,堆肥施用对土壤多环芳烃环境行为或活性的影响是堆肥施人土壤后固相有机质含量及性质和溶解性有机质的含量及性质等综合影响的结果．     

添加堆肥和赤泥对土壤生物有效性Cd和Zn的影响

采用土壤培养实验,研究添加堆肥和赤泥对土壤中Zn和Cd生物有效性的影响。结果表明,单独添加堆肥或赤泥以及赤泥和堆肥一起添加到土壤,均可以降低土壤中的交换态Cd和Zn含量以及生物有效态Zn和Cd含量。与对照相比,培养1-3个月后,单独添加堆肥、单独添加赤泥和同时添加赤泥与堆肥导致土壤交换态Cd含量分别降低14%-18%、33.3%-46.1%和44.2%-57.7%;土壤交换态Zn含量分别降低54.4%-59%、100%和100%;土壤生物有效态Cd含量分别降低11.8%-14.7%、25.1%-33.7%和32.6%-43.9%;土壤生物有效态Zn含量分别降低14.1%-15.8%、59.7%-72.2%和43.2%-58.4%。     

不同发酵方式对鸡粪重金属及有机质影响

以鸡粪和稻草秸秆为原料,研究了一次堆肥发酵（包括液体菌剂发酵,L;固体菌剂发酵,S;高温酵素发酵,E）,以及连续二次堆肥发酵（高温酵素发酵+液体菌剂发酵,EL;高温酵素发酵+固体菌剂发酵,ES）下有机肥中重金属含量和形态分布规律、理化性质以及有机质变化特征.结果表明,与堆肥前相比,堆肥后鸡粪有机肥pH值显著增加（P < 0.05）,而EC值和含水率均显著减少（P < 0.05）.小白菜种子发芽率由堆肥前的高达58.1%下降到堆肥后小于20%.堆肥后重金属由可溶态向难降解残渣态转化,有机肥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb和As钝化率分别达到27.2%~69.3%、17.1%~50.7%、24.0%~68.7%、16.9%~46.3%、33.1%~54.3%和0.4%~29.5%.腐殖物质和胡敏酸含量显著增加（P < 0.05）,胡敏酸/富里酸（HA/FA）比值均上升.堆肥中多糖类和脂肪族化合物含量均有所增加,但香族类化合物有所降低.从重金属钝化率、有机肥腐熟度等有机肥无害化指标来看,连续二次发酵效果优于一次发酵,其中EL效果最佳.     

解磷接种物对垃圾堆肥中难溶性磷酸盐的转化及在农业上的应用

为了提高城市垃圾堆肥的速效磷含量，对供试的７种垃圾堆肥的解磷强度及解磷微生物进行了分析，并以分离富集的解磷微生物制成解磷菌剂进行了青菜盆栽及大田小区对比试验。结果表明：供试垃圾的解磷强度一般为１１７００～１６１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；每ｇ垃圾堆肥含３．５～８．６亿个解磷微生物。出现的解磷能力强的微生物有芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．）、节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｐ．）、黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐｐ．）和赛氏杆菌属（Ｓｅｒｒａｔｉａｓｐｐ．）等。它们可分别使昆阳磷矿粉和／或摩洛哥磷矿粉释放２８４００～４６６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２９１００～３６９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ可溶性磷，利用解磷接种物可使垃圾堆肥提高２３～２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ速效磷，在往堆肥中添加植物物质和磷矿粉的情况下效果更好。将拌有解磷菌剂的垃圾堆肥在红壤荒地上施用，对青菜有良好的增产效果。     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

基于概率神经网络的污泥堆肥腐熟度的综合判别

由于污泥堆肥过程中各组分间相互影响和制约,污泥腐熟程度的判别系统呈现模糊性,使得传统评价方法对该判别系统很难正确认识。文章根据污泥堆肥的具体情况,提出了以含水率、挥发固体、粪大肠菌值、发芽指数作为腐熟程度的判别指标体系,并基于概率神经网络建立污泥堆肥腐熟程度的综合判别模型,然后用该模型判别上海市某污水厂污泥快速好氧堆肥工艺污泥堆肥样品的腐熟程度。结果表明:①将污泥堆肥的含水率、有机质、粪大肠菌值和种子发芽指数作为判别指标,可以判别污泥堆肥腐熟程度;②概率神经网络可以建立判别指标与稳定化程度等级之间复杂的非线性关系,为腐熟度的判别提供一种通用的模式,且判别结果比较合理。     

造纸污泥应用于人工速生桉培肥地力的资源化策略研究

造纸污泥是一种富含氮磷和有机质养分的有机废物,其中的养分资源可循环应用在速生桉培肥地力工程上.客观剖析了生物质能产业发展背景下,中国南方地区人工速生桉存在的环境生态效应,提出轮伐期缩短和忽视对有机肥的补充是造成当前速生桉地力退化严重的主要原因.基于现状,提出将造纸污泥好氧发酵无害化处理后,生产桉树专用有机肥,可最大化循环利用造纸废物养分资源,推进"林-纸-泥"一体化循环发展模式;提出资源化策略配套的发展资金和政策支持建议.     

Recycling of spent mushroom compost using earthworms Eisenia foetida and Eisenia andrei

A 90-day study conducted to explore the potential of epigeic earthworms Eisenia foetida and Eisenia andrei to transform the different types of agricultural wastes and spent mushroom compost into value-added product, i.e., vermicompost. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, TK; and increase in total Kajeldahl nitrogen, TP, and various micro and macronutrients compared to those in the worm feed. Our trials demonstrated that the vermicomposting could be considered as an alternate technology for recycling and environmentally safe disposal/management of the mushroom cultivation complexes’ residues mixed with different types of agricultural waste using epigeic earthworms E. foetida and E. andrei.