堆肥腐熟度的研究进展

评价腐熟度是有关堆肥土地安全利用最重要的问题之一。腐熟度指标可分为三类：物理学指标、化学指标及生物学指标。物理学指标易于检测,常用于描述堆肥过程所处的状态;化学指标得到了广泛研究和应用;堆肥过程是一个生物过程,腐熟度与未腐熟堆肥中植物毒性物质有关,可采用生物学方法进行评价。现在还没有一种公认的堆肥腐熟度指标。采用化学和生物指标综合评价腐熟度是目前最为常用的评价方法。     

不同堆肥材料及引入外源微生物对高温堆肥腐熟度影响的研究

利用畜禽养殖场粪便（ 鸡粪、鸡粪稻壳和猪粪） 和农业废弃物（ 稻壳） 在自动化堆肥装置中进行堆肥试验,探讨不同碳氮比和引入外源微生物后对堆肥腐熟度及养分含量与形态的影响及寻找畜禽粪便快速、高效的高温堆肥方法和条件．结果表明：稻壳是一种硅含量较高难分解的高碳素含量原料,在堆肥前后碳素和 Ｃ／ Ｎ（ ｍ／ｍ） 比变化较小,因而不能以 Ｃ／ Ｎ 比变化来确定堆肥是否腐熟;堆肥水浸提液 Ｗ Ｓ Ｃ／ｏｒｇ － Ｎ（ ｍ／ ｍ） 比和发芽率指数（ Ｉ Ｇ） 指标可以确切反映堆肥的腐熟度．试验比较表明：采用猪粪：稻壳鸡粪：稻壳＝ ６ ：３ ．８（４） ：５ 的质量比,再添加ｗ ＝ ０ ．５ ％ 的快速发酵菌剂,能加速稻壳堆肥腐熟,显著缩短发酵时间,一般堆制１４ ～２１ ｄ 即达到要求     

环境温度对污泥堆肥的影响

堆体温度受各种理化参数的影响,也与环境温度有密切关系。试验表明,地污泥堆起始升温影响不大,５．８℃以上的环境温度污泥堆肥均可以顺利升温,但是达到高温期的污泥肥,因为易降解有机质含量的减少,使其产热量减少;环境温度的剧烈变化会影响马过程的进行,环境温度降低至５℃以下时,本试验堆量的污泥堆肥已难以进行,环境温度在１０以上时,经过通气等的堆肥可以进行。     

Nitrous oxide gas removal by using compost-based biofilter medium

This paper is aimed at introducing our research result in the efficiency in removing nitrous oxide gas (N2O) by using compost as a medium filter,which is actually a kind of manure derived from cow faeces at Kukusan Kelurahan farm containg wood chips and some other microorganisms.Practically speaking,N2O is a major greenhouse gas,whose continuous presence in the atmosphere is expected to last over a 100 years and produce its radiative warming effect just next to CO2.In spite of its rather small concentration in the atmosphere,it is the Number Four largest greenhouse gas contributor to the overall global warming,behind carbon dioxide,methane and water vapour.The biofiltration experiments we have conducted to explore its removing rate of N2O from flue gas help us to find various operating factors in the biofilter system.So far as we know,N2O gas has been fed from the top of the column.It was flowing through the column when it is made to get circulated with a peristaltic pump for 6 hours.The data obtained in our paper prove to be in conformity with the Langmuir adsorption model.The highest N2O gas removing efficiency can be made to be as high as 70.22% at the highest biofilter length of 50 cm with the gas flowing rate of 200 mL/min.The results of this research have finally been modeled by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula with its K value obtained being 16.949 L/mol.     

园林绿地施用污泥堆肥对环境影响研究

园林绿地施用污泥(来源于天津纪庄子污水处理厂)堆肥的试验表明:径流和渗滤水中硝酸盐的增加是最主要的污染问题,但污泥堆肥用量控制在50t/hm2以内,不会对地面水和地下水产生不良影响?该厂污泥中的重金属和有机污染物亦不会对径流和渗滤水产生明显不良影响?      

Microbial safety control of compost material with cow dung by heat treatment

Various kinds of pathogenic bacteria derived from the intestinal tract of animals exist in compost material like cow dung.In order to sterilize the pathogenic bacteria completely in compost material,the cow dung was put into a heat treatment machine in pilot plan, and harmless condition in short time was examined.The results indicated,pathogenic indicator bacteria such as coliform bacteria, fecal coliform,Escherichia coli and salmonella were all 10~6 cfu/g dw at the beginning,died rapidly when cow dung temperature rose to above 50℃,and not detected at 54-68℃for 6-24 h heat treatment.Coliform bacteria and salmonella in heated cow dung were not detected by re-growth culture and enrichment culture examination.Moreover,it was hardly influenced on the fermentation ability of composting microbe,organic decomposition bacteria.During heat treatment,the mesophile decreased rapidly and the thermophile stabilized or increased,and the most of composting microbe were bacillus in cow dung by fluorescence microscope,this indicated that bacillus was dominator and composting microbe in composting process.     

城市污水处理厂污泥及剩余麻黄废渣堆肥化研究

对城市污水污泥与麻黄废渣进行堆肥无害化处理，考察了温度、水分、pH及各有机成分的变化趋势，探讨了堆肥腐熟度的指标。     

Biotic landfill cover treatments for mitigating methane emissions

Landfill methane (CH₄) emissions have been cited as one ofthe anthropogenic gas releases that can and should be controlledto reduce global climate change. This article reviews recent research that identifies ways to enhance microbial consumptionof the gas in the aerobic portion of a landfill cover. Use of these methods can augment CH₄ emission reductions achievedby gas collection or provide a sole means to consume CH₄ atsmall landfills that do not have active gas collection systems.Field studies indicate that high levels of CH₄ removal can be achieved by optimizing natural soil microbial processes. Further, during biotic conversion, not all of the CH₄ carbonis converted to carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas and released to theatmosphere; some of it will be sequestered in microbial biomass.Because biotic covers can employ residuals from other municipalprocesses, financial benefits can also accrue from avoided costsfor residuals disposal.     

过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果联合添加对猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化和腐熟的影响

调控堆肥过程中CO_2的排放,对于保证堆肥进程的有效进行和减少碳素损失具有重要意义.本文以过磷酸钙和腐烂苹果为添加剂,共设置4个处理:不添加添加剂(CK)、过磷酸钙处理(P)、腐烂苹果处理(A)及混合添加处理(1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果,PA),研究在自制堆肥反应箱猪粪堆肥过程中碳素转化特征及其对堆肥腐熟的影响.结果表明,单加过磷酸钙处理进入高温期的时间晚于其他处理3～4 d,而混合添加处理并没有出现高温期推迟的现象.整个堆肥过程中,CK、P、A和PA处理CO_2-C的累积排放量分别占起始碳素的37.0%、33.0%、40.1%和36.7%,碳素损失分别为54.1%、50.3%、59.4%和55.7%.虽然单加过磷酸钙处理降低了堆肥中碳素损失,但却抑制了有机质的降解,增加了电导率值,而混合添加处理促进了有机质的降解,并使腐殖质含量较对照提高了11.8%.此外,单加过磷酸钙处理的种子发芽指数在40 d时才达到80%,而混合添加处理在24 d时已达到80%.综上分析,1/2过磷酸钙+1/2腐烂苹果联合添加是一种可行的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂使用方法.     

市政污泥堆肥对矿山废弃地生态恢复影响的研究进展

市政污泥作为城市污水处理过程中的副产物,含有大量的有机质和丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养物质,经堆肥处理后可用作矿山废弃地生态恢复的土壤改良基质.已有实验室模拟和场地规模研究结果表明,污泥堆肥的施用可同步实现矿山废弃地土壤基本理化性质改善、土壤微生物数量和代谢活性提高、植被的快速生长和生态功能的快速重建.污泥堆肥所含的氮、磷、有机质和重金属,在降雨渗流、微生物和植物根系的共同作用下淋溶进入水体或被植物富集,已有淋滤柱试验和短期植物种植研究结果表明,矿山有短期的二次污染风险,但风险可控.国外污泥/污泥堆肥用于矿山生态修复的案例证明,市政污泥经稳定化处理可促进矿山生态恢复,形成有效碳汇,而长期生态影响未来需要开展不同地域的场地跟踪监测并进行系统定量评估,从而进一步探讨该技术路线的可行性和安全性,同步实现市政污泥处理处置和矿山废弃地生态修复的双重目标,这也将成为未来评估市政污泥堆肥用于矿山生态恢复可行性的重要研究方向.