硬质聚氨酯泡沫和组合聚醚中消耗臭氧层物质的便携式GC-MS测定方法

建立了便携式顶空/气相色谱-质谱法测定硬质聚氨酯泡沫和组合聚醚中一氟三氯甲烷（CFC-11）、二氟二氯甲烷（CFC-12）、二氟一氯甲烷（HCFC-22）及一氟二氯乙烷（HCFC-141b）的定性分析方法,系统考察了色谱柱、顶空体系、顶空温度和顶空时间对测定结果的影响。结果表明,DB-WAX色谱柱对目标物质的分离效果最好,顶空温度为50℃、顶空时间为10 min条件下,目标物质的检测灵敏度最高。在优化条件下,硬质聚氨酯泡沫取样体积为1 cm³时,4种目标物的方法检出限为0.6~0.8 μg;组合聚醚取样量为10 mg时,4种目标物的方法检出限为0.5~0.6 μg。该方法具有较高的灵敏度,定性准确,适用于实际样品的现场快速定性分析。     

基于复合治理理论的基层应急管理模式优化*

为弥补传统基层应急管理模式的短板,解决信息壁垒、协调困难、公众参与不足等问题。从复合性视角出发,阐述复合治理理论内涵,探讨复合治理与应急管理在主体、思维、过程、空间、目标上的契合性,并进一步分析基层应急管理的现实背景和困境,进而构建基于复合治理理论的基层应急管理模式,阐明模式基本结构和工作流程,最终提出理念树立、平台搭建、机制保障、队伍建设、制度安排、文化营造、技术支撑方面的优化路径。结果表明:复合治理理论的应用可以加强基层应急管理能力,促进多元主体协同共治。     

Monitoring of a Coastal Mediterranean Area: Culturable Bacteria, Phytoplankton, Environmental Factors and their Relationships in the Southern Adriatic Sea

Culturable heterotrophic bacterial and phytoplanktonic densities were investigated at four sites in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Brindisi, S. Cataldo, Otranto and S. M. di Leuca) over an annual cycle. The main phytoplankton groups, the bacterial biodiversity, as well as the faecal contamination indicators were determined. Culturable bacterial numbers averaged 4.8 ± 0.2 log CFU ml⁻¹ whereas phytoplankton numbers averaged 2.1 ± 0.4 log cells ml⁻¹. Relationships between culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and the environmental factors were established. Bacterial and phytoplankton densities usually depended significantly on temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and nitrite only in the S. Cataldo transect. In all the examined transects phytoplankton showed a bloom during the January–February period followed by a bacterial peak during the February–March period. Thus we can suppose that the phytoplankton winter bloom is responsible for the availabily of organic matter for bacterial populations in the following months in this oligotrophic ecosystem.     

UV Spectroscopic Monitoring of Vaporized Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons from Petroleum-Contaminated Soils

Fast and simple systems using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance were examined for on-line monitoring of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum-contaminated soils in this research. Since soil particles hinder the UV light transmittance, the absorbance measurement of vaporized monoaromatic hydrocarbons in soil gas extracted from petroleum-contaminated soils was proposed. In the fixed system that exhibited higher sensitivity than the portable one, the absorbance intensity of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene increased in proportion to the concentration of the contaminants. The portable system, however, was suitable for screening purpose, while it exhibited faster response. There was no interference from water, which helps the applicability of the proposed systems to the actual fields.     

Little Egrets (Egretta Garzetta) and Trace-Metal Contamination in Wetlands of China

The rapidly developing Asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. We studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, Poyang Lake, relatively unpolluted, and Tai Lake, and Pearl River Delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in Central China. We adopted as indicator the Little Egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in Pakistan, e.g. eggs, body feathers of chicks, prey spontaneously regurgitated by the chicks, and sediments at the areas most used by foraging egrets. The levels of trace-metals at our three study areas were similar, or within the range, of those found in the few other studies for East Asia, with few exceptions. The concentrations of the various elements were below the threshold that may affect the survival or reproduction of the birds, and even the highest concentrations relative to background, i.e. Se in eggs, and Hg in feathers at Pearl Delta, do not pose toxic hazards. In sediments, the levels of trace elements were lower than the critical levels assumed for contaminated soil, except for alarming high levels of As at Poyang. These results do not confirm our expectation, that Poyang was relatively uncontaminated, while Tai and Pearl were polluted. Although trace metal concentration differed significantly among the three study areas, these differences were minor and were not consistent among elements and samples. The bioaccumulation ratios from sediments through prey, feather and egg, were consistent with our previous findings for Pakistan. Only Hg exhibited high bioaccumulation, while Se and Zn had low accumulation, and the other elements no accumulation. This reasserts that feathers of predators such as egrets, may be more sensitive indicators of environmental contamination for the elements subject to bioaccumulation, whereas the sediments or the organisms low in the food chain are better indicators for the other elements.     

脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥料研究

对脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥的研究意义、反应原理、生产流程、环境安全性能以及施肥方法等进行了介绍和评估,并对其应用前景进行了展望。研究结果表明:利用脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥在理论上可行;生产出的产品中硫酸钾的含量达10.34%～12.0%,枸溶氧化钙19.06%～32.28%,枸溶二氧化硅10.98%～14.46%,枸溶氧化镁1.46%～1.82%。产品的pH值从原脱硫灰的10.65下降到9.60。重金属含量低于农用粉煤灰国家标准,生产过程中不会产生SO2等有害气体污染。肥料的生产成本低于350元/t,该肥料不但可以增加土壤中钾、钙、硅、镁和硫等中微量元素的含量,而且可以提高或改善农作物的产量和品质。达到变废为宝,促进循环经济发展之目的。     

基于主成分分析法的武汉城市圈区域协调发展研究

在"两型社会"背景下,如何实现武汉城市圈的快速发展及圈内的协调发展是促进武汉城市圈建设与发展的重要内容,也是构建中国中部区域板块新经济增长极的必然选择。采用统计数据、利用主成分分析法对武汉城市圈区域经济发展进行评价,利用数学模型对武汉城市圈区域发展的不平衡性与区域差异性进行分析,在此基础上提出发展地方特色经济,加强区域经济间的联系,实现产业一体化与经济一体化,建立统一的监督机构,实现武汉城市圈的协调发展。     

Zr—Fe双组分复合除砷吸附剂的优化制备及性能评价

实验发现,铁氧化物或铁的羟基氧化物对As（V）有较好的吸附性能,而锆氧化物或锆水合氧化物则对As（Ⅲ）有优异的吸附选择性,但其使用的pH通常要在〉9的条件下。通过简单的共沉淀法制备了Zr-Fe双组分复合吸附剂,在制备过程中通过优化制备条件如：沉淀剂浓度、金属离子总浓度、金属离子配比、反应温度、反应时间及吸附剂价格等因素,最终合成出了对As（V）和As（Ⅲ）都具有良好吸附能力的吸附剂。这种吸附剂在中性条件下对As（V）和As（Ⅲ）的最大吸附量为62mg／g和118mg／g。     

氯化镁复配硫酸铝混凝性能及絮体特性

在研究氢氧化镁混凝特性的基础上,复配氯化镁和硫酸铝作为混凝剂,以高岭土配水水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探讨了单独使用氯化镁和硫酸铝以及二者复配使用的混凝效果和絮体特性,确定复配使用的各种条件。结果表明,对于浊度20 NTU,pH 11.5的高岭土配水水样,氯化镁、硫酸铝最佳投加量分别为7.2 mg/L(Mg2+计)和3 mg/L(Al3+计);硫酸铝跟氯化镁复配使用时,先投加硫酸铝,间隔30 s后投加氯化镁,混凝效果较好;在镁离子最佳投加量7.2 mg/L时,铝和镁最佳质量比在1∶3~1∶2之间;镁铝复配时其FI值明显大于单独作用时,即絮体尺寸大小:二者复配硫酸铝氯化镁,而且复配条件下Zeta电位值在零电势左右浮动,浮动范围小,更利于聚集沉淀;镁铝复配时发生了协同效应,弥补了单独使用氯化镁混凝过程的不足。     

石化行业的VOCs排放控制管理

概述了我国挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。介绍了国内外VOCs的管理现状。分析了国内石化行业VOCs排放控制管理中存在的主要问题以及污染物排放过程的类别。提出了明确定义、制定相关标准、完善分类管理体系、研究最佳的可行性控制技术等加强VOCs排放控制管理的对策和建议。