Distributions of typical contaminant species in urban short-term storm runoff and their fates during rain events： A case of Xiamen City

The pollutants in urban storm runoff,which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities,are of great concerns.The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated.The concentrations of various contaminants,including organic matter,nutrients(i.e.,N and P) and heavy metals,were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff.The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen(TN 6-19 mg/L) and total phosphorus(TP 1-3 mg/L).A large proportion(around 60%) of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) species in most runoff.The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP.In addition,only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals,and both Pb(25-120 μg/L) and Zn(0.1-1.2 mg/L) were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff.Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species(50%-99%),which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased.This would have the great impact to the environment.     

煤矿周围土壤中铜、锌污染状况及特征分析

以陕西省神木县西沟乡六道沟流域作为研究区域,对六道沟煤矿周围的土壤中的铜、锌的含量进行了研究,着重分析了煤矿开采是否对周围土壤造成重金属污染以及重金属在煤矿周围土壤中的分布特征。结果表明该区域仅有部分土壤遭受铜、锌的轻度污染,即煤矿开采会对周围土壤造成不同程度的污染,且铜、锌含量随着距煤矿距离的增大而递减,并随采样深度增加而递减。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备分子筛／SiO2对氨氮的吸附研究

试验研究一种新型的复合材料对废水脱氮的能力,该种材料主要是由分子筛和几种有机和无机材料通过一定的条件合成,以达到节约成本提高利用率的作用。采用溶胶一凝胶法制备分子筛／SiO2复合材料,采用纳试试剂光度法为检测方法,考察了分子筛／SiO2在静态条件下对水中氨氮的吸附性能。通过几组对比试验,如分子筛单体脱氮的实验,分子筛／SiO2复合材料和二氧化硅单体脱氮的实验,实验中测定了时间、pH值、投加量等因素对脱氮除磷的影响,得出最佳吸附条件。结果表明,pH在4～7时对氨氮有较好的吸附性能,吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型,产生了复合效应。     

北江中上游底泥重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价

为全面了解北江中上游底泥沉积物中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,在北江干流及支流共采集了25个底泥样品,测试了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg共8种重金属元素,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对北江中上游底泥重金属污染进行分析和评价.结果表明,北江中上游无论是干流还是支流其底泥受多种重金属污染而且污染程度相当严重,各种重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为:Cd HgZnAsPb≈CuNiCr;金属污染物对北江中上游构成的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd HgPb≈AsCuZnCr,其中Cd的影响占绝对主导地位.总体而言,北江干流由于纳污量最大,长期的积累使得北江干流段的重金属污染程度较支流严重;支流中马坝河的污染程度最高,其次是浈江和江.     

两种常用兽药对作物发芽的生态毒性效应

采用室内生长箱培养的试验方法,研究了2种常用兽药磺胺嘧啶钠、环丙沙星对小麦、白菜和番茄种子发芽、根伸长、芽伸长的影响,分析了兽药和作物生长之间的剂量.效应关系,比较分析了小麦,白菜和番茄对2种兽药胁迫的敏感性.结果表明,根长抑制率和芽长抑制率与兽药浓度显著相关(p<0.05);种子发芽抑制率与2种兽药浓度不相关(p>0.05).2种兽药对根伸长和芽伸长的抑制明显强于对种子发芽的抑制.3种作物对磺胺嘧啶钠胁迫的敏感性依次为小麦＞白菜＞番茄;对环丙沙星胁迫的敏感性依次为白菜＞番茄＞小麦;磺胺嘧啶钠对3种作物的毒性效应明显强于环丙沙星.     

Effect of background electrolytes on the adsorption of nitroaromatic compounds onto bentonite

To further elucidate interaction of nitroaromatic compounds with mineral surface, the sorption of m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) and nitrobenzene to original bentonite in aqueous solution containing di erent electrolytes (i.e., KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2 and Tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB)) was studied. The sorption of m-DNB was greatly enhanced with the presence of KCl and NH4Cl, while little influence was observed with CaCl2 and TMAB, following the order of KCl > NH4Cl TMAB, CaCl2, or DI water. For nitrobenzene, sorption enhancement only occurred at high nitrobenzene concentrations in the presence of KCl, and the solute equilibrium concentration at inflexion point was lowered with increasing KCl concentration. These sorption enhancements were significantly promoted with the increase of electrolyte concentration. The salting-out e ect is insu cient to account for the sorption enhancement by original bentonite with increasing KCl or NH4Cl concentration. X-ray di raction patterns of bentonite suspensions indicated that the sorption enhancement of m-DNB was attributed to the intercalation of K+ or NH4 + into bentonite interlayer and then dehydration with m-DNB to form inner-sphere complexes, which caused previously expanded bentonite interlayers to collapse in aqueous suspension, thus further enhanced the interaction of phenyl with siloxane surface. In comparison, the sorption enhancement of NB is attributed to the formation of outer-sphere complexes with K+ at high solute-loadings (> 200–400 mg/kg). The sorption of m-DNB to initially modified TMA+-bentonite and K+-bentonite was almost the same as respective sorption to original bentonite in solution containing TMA+ and K+.     

环渤海地区Hg、As、Cr、Pb污染健康风险评价

以菲律宾蛤为指示物种,并利用美国环保署提出的人体健康风险评价模式从人类的角度对中国渤海海域不同地区(双台子河口生态监控区-盘锦、锦州湾生态监控区-锦州、滦河口北戴河生态监控区-北戴河、渤海湾生态监控区-天津、黄河口生态监控区-东营、莱州湾生态监控区-莱州以及大连市营城子、鲅鱼圈)的近岸海域生态监控区Cr、Pb、Hg、As的污染状况作出一个系统的健康风险评价。结果表明:几个地区的非致癌污染物Hg风险等级处于Ⅰ级,对于人类不构成任何威胁;致癌污染物Pb的风险等级为Ⅰ级,同样对人类也不构成任何威胁,As的风险等级基本处于Ⅲ级水平,为人类可接受水平,但Cr的风险等级基本处于Ⅴ级等级范围,可能会对人类产生一定的威胁,需要进一步研究。     

海洋环境下飞机液压系统水污染问题研究

通过水污染危害实例和外军水污染对比试验资料,提出了重视海洋环境下飞机液压系统水污染问题的必要性。分析了水污染的作用机理,重点研究了水分监测、水污染净化和防护等几个关键问题,为飞机液压系统水污染监控和净化提供了有益的借鉴。     

重金属对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳源,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,以序批式污泥反应器为反应装置,考察了重金属离子锌、铜和铅对好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性及去除有机物、氨氮的影响.结果表明,在温度为25℃,pH值为7时,成功实现了好氧颗粒污泥的培养.重金属的加入使得污泥颗粒变小,在重金属离子浓度2～50mg/L范围内,三种金属离子锌、铜和铅对COD的去除率...     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法测定黑臭河流中二甲基三硫醚

该研究在优化分析条件的基础上,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用方法测定了黑臭河流水体中二甲基三硫醚的含量。通过研究萃取头涂层、萃取温度、萃取时间、水样体积和气相色谱进样口温度对二甲基三硫醚萃取效率的影响,得到了二甲基三硫醚最佳预处理和检测条件为:采用CAR-PDMS(75μm)萃取头,取20 mL待测水样在45℃恒温搅拌下顶空萃取30 min,进样口温度为250℃。采用优化后的方法对实际城市黑臭河流水样进行了检测,测得的二甲基三硫醚的浓度范围为5 853～8 939 ng/L。