舟山附近海域表层沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

根据2009年8月在舟山附近海域采集的表层沉积物中6种重金属的检测结果,利用变异系数法、单种重金属污染指数法、多种重金属综合污染指数法,对表层沉积物中各重金属的空间波动及污染程度进行了分析,并利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对单种和多种重金属的潜在生态危害程度进行了评价.结果表明:表层沉积物中重金属平均含量顺序依...     

某聚酯装置职业病危害因素对工人健康影响分析

目的探讨聚酯专用料装置职业病危害因素与作业工人健康的关系,并采取必要措施减少各类职业病危害因素对工人健康的影响。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查对某聚酯专用料装置职业病危害因素进行识别,依据作业场所各类职业病危害因素健康效应、现场检测浓度和强度,结合作业人员近3年职业健康检查结果进行综合对照分析。结果作业现场各类化学危害因素检测浓度均符合国家限值标准,噪声检测强度超出限值要求;近3年职业健康结果表明,听力下降人数有逐年增加趋势,血压升高和肝功能异常人数增加。结论作业工人听力下降受噪声影响较明显,乙醛、乙二醇、联苯、噪声等职业病危害因素对作业工人肝功能和血压可能产生影响。     

Eco-toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) contaminated soil samples were collected from Shengli Oilfield of China. Toxicity analysis was carried out based on earthworm acute toxicity, plant growth experiment and luminescent bacteria test. The soil was contaminated bypetroleum hydrogcarbons with TPH concentration of 10.57%. With lethal and sub-lethal rate as endpoint, earthworm test showed that the LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values in 4 and 7 days were 1.45% and 1.37% respectively, and the inhibition rate of earthworm body weight increased with higher oil concentration. TPH pollution in the soil inhibited seed germination in both wheat and maize experiment when the concentration of petroleum was higher than 0.1%. The EC50 (e ective concentration 50%) for germination is 3.04% and 2.86% in maize and wheat, respectively. While lower value of EC50 for root elongation was to be 1.11% and 1.64% in maize and wheat, respectively, suggesting higher sensitivity of root elongation on petroleum contamination in the soil. The EC50 value in luminescent bacteria test was 0.47% for petroleum in the contaminated soil. From the experiment result, it was concluded that TPH content of 1.5% is considered to be a critical value for plant growth and living of earthworm and 0.5% will a ect the activity of luminescent bacteria.     

Succession of bacterial community along with the removal of heavy crude oil pollutants by multiple biostimulation treatments in the Yellow River Delta, China

Multiple biostimulation treatments were applied to enhance the removal of heavy crude oil pollutants in the saline soil of Yellow River Delta. Changes of the soil bacterial community were monitored using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses. The 140-day microcosm experiments showed that low C:N:P ratio, high availability of surfactant and addition of bulking agent significantly enhanced the performance, leading to the highest total petroleum hydrocarbon removal. Meanwhile, the bacterial community was remarkably changed by the multiple biostimulation treatments, with the Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes being inhibited and the Alpha- and Beta-proteobacteria and some unknown Gammaproteobacteria bacteria being enriched. In addition, different hydrocarbon-degraders came to power in the following turn. At the first stage, the Alcanivorax-veldXed Gammaproteobacteria bacteria dominated in the biostimulated soil and contributed mainly to the biodegradation of easily degradable portion of the heavy crude oil. Then the bacteria belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, followed by bacteria belonging to Candidate division OD1, became the dominant oil-degraders to degrade the remaining recalcitrant constituents of the heavy crude oil.     

基于高光谱指数的水稻砷污染胁迫多重判别模型

水稻中过量砷(As)能够影响叶片中叶绿素含量、水分含量以及细胞内部结构,进而改变水稻在光谱上的特征表现.以表征叶绿素、水分含量、细胞结构的NDVI、NDWI、SIPI等9种高光谱指数和实测水稻叶片砷含量数据为基础,利用相关分析、主成分分析和独立变量分析方法,获得诊断指标对水稻砷污染胁迫进行多重光谱判别.结果表明,表征不同生理参数的高光谱指数PSNDa、fWBI、SIPI与水稻叶片砷含量高度相关,可作为砷污染单级光谱诊断参数;主成分因子F1、F2和独立变量因子ICA1、ICA2对水稻砷污染胁迫具有特殊反应,分别作为水稻砷污染胁迫的主成分诊断指标和独立分量诊断指标.综合上述3类诊断参数,构建水稻砷污染胁迫多重判别空间体系即光谱指数诊断空间(PSNDa-fWBI、PSNDa-SIPI、fWBI-SIPI)、主成分诊断空间(F1-F2)和独立变量诊断空间(ICA1-ICA2),从不同层面上综合诊断了实验区水稻砷污染胁迫情况,其中以表征叶绿素和细胞结构的光谱指数空间PSNDa-SIPI与主成分空间F1-F2诊断效果为最佳.     

石油污染土壤对黄豆生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同石油烃质量比对黄豆幼苗叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)含量和SOD活性的影响;通过田间实验,探讨了石油烃对黄豆生长性状、籽粒品质和土壤中微生物群落的影响.结果表明,石油烃质量比为3 000～5 000 mg·kg-1时,对黄豆幼苗叶绿素质量比、MDA含量和SOD活性无显著影响;质量比达到10 000 mg·kg-1时,叶绿素质量比和SOD活性分别降低10.8%和9.8%,MDA含量增加12.4%.田间实验发现,10 000 mg·kg-1处理对黄豆中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪质量分数和出苗率无显著影响,但对黄豆多数生长性状影响显著,有明显毒害作用.土壤中石油烃质量比达到30 000～50 000 mg·kg-1 时,黄豆株高、单株荚数、肉荚比、百粒重、根重、单株产量、生物量、出苗率、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪质量分数显著下降;苯并[a]芘质量比达到5.32～5.59 μg·kg-1,高于国家食品标准所规定的限量(＜5 μg·kg-1);微生物数量,特别是嗜油菌数量显著增加.     

2006年中国城市饮用水源突发污染事件统计及分析

统计分析了我国2006年1月1日至12月31日发生的城市饮用水源突发污染事件,以揭示2005年松花江污染和哈尔滨停水重大事件之后,中国城市水源突发污染事件发生的规律、危害、应急响应状况以及总体情况和变化趋势,检验近1年来中国城市水源突发污染事件应急机制的有效性和科学性.从发生日期、地点、污染物种类、事件简况、应急反应5个方面对75起突发污染事件的统计分析表明:1)2006年突发污染事件总体呈数量增多、危害增大的趋势;2)危险化学品和各类工业污水仍是主要污染物;3)交通事故、工厂泄漏事故和突然排污仍是主要风险源;4)41.3%的事件威胁到了城市供水系统安全运行,造成城市几小时或多天停水,带来严重的社会影响;5)92%的突发污染事件得到了应急响应,但应急时间远大于国家规定的1h,应急预案在快速性和有效性方面还需改进.     

北大港水库水质模拟及分析

建立水动力、水体污染物输运及底泥污染物输运数值模型,采用有限差分与有限体积相结合的方法,对北大港水库氯离子进行动态数值模拟。通过对计算值和实测值的比较分析,验证了模型的可靠性。模拟了水库5种蓄供水方案,得到各方案流场及水体和底泥氯离子浓度动态变化规律,同时分析了流速、水体氯离子浓度与底泥氯离子浓度差对底泥氯离子释放速度及释放总量的影响。揭示了北大港水库各运行方式流场及水质变化规律,为更好地发挥引黄济津及南水北调东线工程调蓄水库作用提供保证。     

饮用水中致嗅物质的去除技术和应急措施研究

为了解饮用水中异味的来源和常用去除技术,在文献调研的基础上,介绍了饮用水中致嗅物质的来源,分析了饮用水异味的常用去除技术:吸附法、化学氧化法和生物处理法,总结了三种方法的优缺点.最后,结合江苏省环境应急所开展的工作,阐述了饮用水源地异味事件的应急处置过程,为应对工作提供参考.多部门合作和专家参与是处置过程中不可缺少的环节.     

Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg^?1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water.