基质投加量对生物调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

通过在剩余污泥中投加FeSO_4及S~0的生物基质进行生物调理的方法改善污泥脱水性质.在确定两者的投加质量比为7∶3(FeSO_4的质量以Fe~(2+)计)的条件下,分别投加质量为污泥干重的10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的混合基质,结果表明当基质投加量为污泥干重的20%时,污泥的脱水性能最佳.其中,毛细吸水时间(CST)较对照组降低了38.71%,粘度下降了81.91%,泥饼含固率为对照组的135.19%.同时,污泥中的胞外聚合物(EPS)总量有了显著的下降,污泥絮体中的有机质从与污泥细胞更紧密结合的紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)中释放到较外层的疏松型EPS(LB-EPS)中,且Zeta电位接近中性,从而使得污泥脱水性能得到改善.     

沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06对辣椒根际微生物群落结构的影响

生物农药的使用极大地减少了对环境的污染,探究生物农药对致病菌的细菌多样性及群落分布将为后续研究生物农药对致病菌的微生态调控提供理论依据.本研究运用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析比较辣椒健康植株与疫病发病植株根际土壤微生物多样性,以及研究沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06对植株根际土壤的微生物多样性影响,探究沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06对辣椒疫病的微生态调控机制.结果显示,在第7 d和第14 d的来自同一处理的根际土壤细菌群落多样性变化没有显著差异,辣椒疫病发病植株根际土壤微生物多样性均小于健康植株根际土壤微生物多样性且喷洒沼泽红假单胞菌PSB06发酵液的土样微生物多样性最高;辣椒疫病发病植株根际土壤中放线菌丰度均小于健康植株且喷洒沼泽红假单胞菌菌剂PSB06的土壤中放线菌的丰度最高.辣椒发病植株与健康植株根际土壤中微生物多样性存在显著差异.施用沼泽红假单胞菌可以改善土壤微生物区系,提高土壤微生物群落丰富性以及土壤中放线菌所占的丰度.     

添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥中H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

以大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,玉米秸秆作为调理剂,以不添加菌剂的处理作为对照(CK),以添加腐熟堆肥、鼠李糖脂和固体专用菌剂为3个处理,研究菌剂添加对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H_2S和NH_3排放的影响。研究结果表明:菌剂添加促进了堆肥腐熟;添加腐熟堆肥更能有效地降低厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H_2S排放,而鼠李糖脂的添加更能有效控制NH_3的排放。从恶臭气体控制、堆肥腐熟并结合H_2S和NH_3的检知嗅阈,优选腐熟堆肥作为厨余垃圾堆肥过程中实现H_2S和NH_3同时减排的添加剂。     

Evaluation of bacterial pathogen diversity, abundance and health risks in urban recreational water by amplicon next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR

The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing(NGS) showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) of Escherichia coli(uid A),Aeromonas(aer A),M.avium(16S r RNA),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(oaa) and Salmonella(inv A) showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10~(4–6) genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment(QMRA) showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.     

SeaNine 211 as antifouling biocide: A coastal pollutant of emerging concern

SeaNine 211, with 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) being the biocidal ingredient, is a widely-used antifouling agent to deter the undesirable biofouling phenomenon. It is commercially promoted as an environmentally acceptable antifoulant mainly due to its claimed rapid degradation in marine environment. However, increasing researches document varying degradative kinetics in different environments, proving that SeaNine 211 is actually not degraded equally fast around the world (half-life between < 1 day and 13.1 days). Large-scale application of SeaNine 211 in antifouling coatings has also caused global contamination of marine environment in various compartments. For example, accumulation of SeaNine 211 is detected as high as 3700 ng/L in Spanish seawater and 281 ng/g dry weight in Korean sediment. Considering that SeaNine 211 is highly toxic against non-target marine organisms, environmental risk assessment finds that most marine organisms are endangered by SeaNine 211 in worst-case scenario. Its endocrine disrupting and reproductive impairing effects at environmentally worst-case concentrations further constitute a long-term threat to the maintenance of population stability. Therefore, in the light of the varying degradability, environmental pollution and high toxicity, especially the endocrine disruption, SeaNine 211 as an antifouling agent is likely to cause non-negligible damages to the marine ecosystem. There is an urgency to perform a systematic ecological risk assessment of SeaNine 211 to prevent the potential impacts on the health of marine environment. A regular monitoring also becomes necessary to place the usage of antifouling biocides under control.     

Molecular approaches for the detection and monitoring of microbial communities in bioaerosols: A review

Bioaerosols significantly affect atmospheric processes while they undergo long-range vertical and horizontal transport and influence atmospheric chemistry and physics and climate change. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to bioaerosols may cause adverse health effects, including severe disease. Studies of bioaerosols have primarily focused on their chemical composition and largely neglected their biological composition and the negative effects of biological composition on ecosystems and human health. Here, current molecular methods for the identification, quantification, and distribution of bioaerosol agents are reviewed. Modern developments in environmental microbiology technology would be favorable in elucidation of microbial temporal and spatial distribution in the atmosphere at high resolution. In addition, these provide additional supports for growing evidence that microbial diversity or composition in the bioaerosol is an indispensable environmental aspect linking with public health.     

开闭路条件下沉积物微生物燃料电池阳极细菌群落差异解析

采用Solixa高通量测序技术对比了沉积物微生物燃料电池(sediment microbial fuel cells,SMFCs)开闭路条件下启动阳极生物膜细菌群落结构差异.SMFCs开路条件下启动阳极生物膜获得优化序列3 936条,经过97%相似度归并后得到1 581个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs);SMFCs连接5 kΩ电阻闭路启动阳极生物膜获得优化序列3 930条,聚类归并后产生1 551个OTUs,α多样性指数分析表明开路条件下启动阳极生物膜菌群多样性相对更丰富.SMFCs开、闭路条件下启动阳极生物膜优势菌均为Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes,它们在开路下阳极生物膜中的含量分别为59.79%、12.54%和9.02%,而在闭路条件下分别为63.02%、10.01%和3.60%,SMFCs闭路条件下运行,地杆菌Geobacter在阳极生物膜中含量高达16.55%.SMFCs开、闭路条件下启动阳极生物膜细菌群落结构的差异说明SMFCs启动过程电子的传递影响电极生物膜微生物群落结构.     

单过硫酸氢钾复合粉在饮用水消毒过程中的副产物生成特性及遗传毒性变化

以北京田村山净水厂原水和炭后出水作为试验用水,对新型消毒剂单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)进行定性分析.向受试水样中分别投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉和次氯酸钠,比较了复合粉消毒和氯消毒的DBPs生成量,并通过umu试验对水样消毒后的遗传毒性变化进行测试.结果表明,测试水样投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒前后的有机物种类变化不大,但仍有新的卤代烃和卤代物生成.与氯消毒相比,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的含量更低.另外,根据umu测试的结果,经单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后原水和炭后水的遗传毒性均明显低于氯消毒.然而在水中有机物较多和消毒剂投加量较大时,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉用于消毒仍有一定安全风险.     

市政污泥接种焦化废水好氧降解能力及微生物群落演替的响应分析

焦化废水是毒性很大的典型工业废水,生物处理过程中需要微生物具备很强的适应能力.以探讨焦化废水对微生物的毒性抑制以及微生物对焦化废水的适应过程为目的,通过于焦化废水原水中接种市政污泥,在考察COD、苯酚、氨氮和硫氰化物等主要污染物指标降解的基础上,运用Illumina高通量测序平台分析降解过程微生物群落组成及多样性变化的响应关系.结果表明,接种了市政污泥的焦化废水培养16 h后COD开始下降,40 h时苯酚降解了97.14%,72 h时硫氰化物开始降解,96 h时硫氰化物浓度低于检测限,氨氮浓度随着硫氰化物的降解而升高.群落测序分析表明,不同培养阶段污泥中微生物表现出群落结构及丰度上的差异:在苯酚降解阶段,苯酚优势降解菌Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas的丰度增大,48 h总相对丰度为13.04%;在硫氰化物降解阶段,Sphingobacterium、Brevundimonas、Lysobacter、Chryseobacterium为主导菌属,96 h时其总相对丰度为16.13%;在144 h阶段,优势菌属则变为Fluviicola、Stenotrophomonas和Thiobacillus,总相对丰度为22.45%.由此认为,市政污泥克服了焦化废水中毒性成分的抑制作用之后能迅速适应环境,表现出微生物群落结构随着废水降解成分的变化而改变,环境因子和降解功能菌之间的竞争是群落结构演变的主要因素.     

分层型水源水库沉积物需氧量特性

为探明分层型水源水库沉积物需氧量(SOD)特性及其影响因素,选取西安金盆水库主库区上覆水体流速较低的库心区及流速较高的入库口两处沉积物进行对比实验,估算水体不同扰动条件下沉积物需氧量,利用Biolog-Eco平板和三维荧光光谱(EMMs)技术从底栖微生物群落代谢活性和沉积物有机质两方面对取样点沉积物需氧量的差异性进行分析.结果表明,静止条件下,入库与库心沉积物在较高溶解氧时(约5 mg·L-1)的沉积物面积需氧量SOD5area分别为0.13 g·(m2·d)-1和0.36g·(m2·d)-1,库心约为入库的2.69倍.动态条件下,沉积物-水界面上覆水扰动增加使沉积物需氧量增加,沉积物耗氧动力学由一阶动力学方程逐渐向零阶动力学方程转变.入库与库心沉积物有机质含量分别为44.43 mg·g-1和45.12 mg·g-1,库心沉积物的可溶解性有机质(DOM)的总荧光强度约为入库的1.5倍.有机质含量更高的库心沉积物细菌群落代谢活性(以AWCD表征)更强,表明高含量有机质和较强细菌代谢活性是引起库心沉积物需氧量大的主要因素.将深层水库水体耗氧过程的研究结果与现有充氧曝气技术进行结合,可为提高曝气器充氧效率提供科学依据.