含氯有机污染物中氯同位素测定方法及应用进展

本文综述了四种稳定氯同位素的测定方法。重点比较了当前使用最为广泛的两种测定方法,基于CH3Cl+离子的正电离气体质谱法(PEIMS)和基于Cs2Cl+离子的正热电离质谱法(PTIMS)。论述了稳定氯同位素体系(37Cl/35Cl)在含氯有机污染物来源、迁移及转换过程中的应用研究。     

非质量氧同位素分馏效应研究进展

非质量氧同位素分馏效应(mass independent oxygenisotope fractionation)研究为一些重大地质科学问题的解释开辟了一条新途径。在简要介绍非质量分馏理论后,重点评述了非质量氧同位素分馏效应的研究进展,包括非质量同位素分馏效应的成因机制、氧同位素组成分析方法建立及其在环境地学领域的应用。并对非质量氧同位素分馏领域未来研究趋势作了进一步探讨。     

甘肃武山地热田水化学与地热水起源

通过对武山地热田地热水和地下冷水的水化学和同位素分析,结果表明武山地热水的出露温度为18.2~42.1℃,TDS含量为238~255 mg/L,属于低矿化度的HCO3型水。相对于地下冷水,地热水有更高的S iO2、F含量,说明经历了比冷水更长的循环深度。水化学特征表明武山地热水为大气降水与岩石相互作用的初级阶段。武山冷水和地热水的同位素沿着西北大气降水线分布,由于地热水的水岩相互作用时间较长,有更低的δD和δ18O值,说明武山地热水是大气来源的。综合运用各种地热温标估算武山地热水的热储温度范围在70~106℃之间,按照甘肃东部的平均地温梯度(35℃/km),得出武山地热水循环深度为1.74~2.77 km,属于中低温地热系统。此研究为今后可持续开发武山地热水提供了科学依据。     

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳中晶体石英的硅同位素组成及硅质来源探讨

本文报道了黔北、黔东地区三个碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面中晶体石英的δ30Si值,利用硅同位素作为示踪剂,通过分析剖面中晶体石英的硅同位素组成来判别其硅质来源。结果表明:晶体石英的δ30Si值在0.8‰~1.7‰范围内,具有较高的同位素组成特征,与火山和热液(水)作用产物的δ30Si值不同,结合已有的资料证明晶体石英与火山或热液(水)作用无直接关系,而是来自碳酸盐岩酸不溶物中含硅物质风化产生的硅质流体,其中以硅酸矿物风化释放的硅质流体为主。利用植物岩中Ge/Si很小的特点来验证植物作用对研究剖面中硅质流体的影响,结果表明植物作用的贡献相对较小,但在表土层植物作用的影响可能不容忽视。     

广州市大气典型羰基化合物碳同位素组成初探

采用气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)技术,通过2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生化方法,初步测定了广州市城区交通主干线大气中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮的碳同位素组成.结果表明,甲醛的δ13C值变化范围为-42.06‰--33.52‰,乙醛的δ13C值变化范围为-35.84‰--32.20‰,丙酮的δ13C值变化范围为-30.85‰--29.50‰;而且,白天相对于夜晚而言,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮的最大碳同位素分馏分别为6.65‰,3.27‰和0.75‰,碳同位素分馏上的差异表明它们在环境大气中不同化学活性上的差异.     

Use and abuse of Pb-isotope fingerprinting technique and GIS mapping data to assess lead in environmental studies

The danger to health, especially of young children, from lead-bearing particulates in the surface environment is still a valid concern. Given the multifaceted uses of lead today as well as historically, the sources of lead must be investigated to distinguish the etiology of lead contamination on the environment. The lead isotope finger printing technique based on isotopic ratio analyses (IRA) is one of the methods used commonly for provenancing lead sources in environmental studies throughout the world. This technique, however, has some inherited shortcomings. Therefore, caution must be used in the interpretation of the results, as this technique can lead to overestimations as well as underestimations of the true source etiology/apportionment of lead in specific environments. This paper illustrates this with some examples. Data on geographical information systems (GIS) mapping in urban regions are also presented in this paper.     

ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY DYNAMICS OF RIVERINE WETLANDS IN THE KANKAKEE WATERSHED,INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: Wetland restoration activities may disturb shallow ground‐water flow dynamics. There may be unintentional sources of water flowing into a constructed wetland that could compromise the long‐term viability of a wetland function. Measurement of naturally‐occurring isotopes in the hydrosphere can provide an indication of provenance, flow paths or components, and residence times or ages of wetland ground‐water flow systems. Hydraulic head measurements may not provide sufficient detail of shallow flow disturbances and can be complemented by analyzing isotopes in waters flowing through the wetland. Two north‐central Indiana wetlands in the Kankakee watershed are being studied to determine the adequacy of wetland restoration activities. The native LaSalle wetland and the restored Hog Marsh wetland have contrasting ground‐water flow regimes. The conservative water isotopes ¹⁸O, ²H, and ³H, and selected solute isotopes ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ³⁴S, ⁸⁷Sr, and 206–208Pb, demonstrate the complexity of ground‐water flow in Hog Marsh compared to the established flow regime at the LaSalle wetland.     

铅同位素解析技术在工业园污染溯源中的应用

针对土壤中重金属污染溯源及解析不同污染源对土壤中铅的相对贡献率问题,以陕西西部某工业园区为例,采集土壤样品、铅锌冶炼厂矿石混合样、热电厂煤样及焦化厂混合煤样共40个,用ICP-MS测定样品的铅浓度及铅同位素比值(208Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、206Pb/204Pb).借助于铅同位素比值散点图来对比分析采样点土壤、背景点土壤和可能的污染源样品的铅同位素特征分布,判定其主要污染来源.用混合多元模型计算不同污染区域各污染源的贡献率,结果表明,土壤中的铅同位素比值落在铅锌矿石、炼焦用煤及热电燃煤及背景点的铅同位素比值之间,说明各端元介质均有可能对工业园区土壤中的铅污染有贡献.在铅同位素比值散点图中土壤铅浓度大于60 mg/kg的采样点的铅同位素比值集中落在热电燃煤与炼焦用煤附近.统计定量解析结果可知,对工业园区土壤铅污染的贡献大小依次为热电厂、焦化厂和铅锌冶炼厂.研究表明,铅同位素指纹解析技术用于定性与定量解析工业园区土壤铅污染效果较为理想.     

Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is prevalent among children and adolescents, but little is known regarding important sources of exposure at these sensitive life stages. In this study, we measured urinary concentrations of BPA and nine phthalate metabolites in 108 Mexican children aged 8–13 years. Associations of age, time of day, and questionnaire items on external environment, water use, and food container use with specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations were assessed, as were questionnaire items concerning the use of 17 personal care products in the past 48-h. As a secondary aim, third trimester urinary concentrations were measured in 99 mothers of these children, and the relationship between specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations at these two time points was explored. After adjusting for potential confounding by other personal care product use in the past 48-h, there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive associations in boys for cologne/perfume use and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and in girls for colored cosmetics use and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), conditioner use and MEP, deodorant use and MEP, and other hair products use and MBP. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the number of personal care products used in the past 48-h and log-MEP in girls. However, there were no statistically significant associations between the analytes and the other questionnaire items and there were no strong correlations between the analytes measured during the third trimester and at 8–13 years of age. We demonstrated that personal care product use is associated with exposure to multiple phthalates in children. Due to rapid development, children may be susceptible to impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals; thus, reduced or delayed use of certain personal care products among children may be warranted.     

Compound specific carbon and hydrogen stable isotope analyses of volatile organic compounds in various emissions of combustion processes

This study presents carbon (δ¹³C) and hydrogen (δD) isotope values of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various emission sources using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TD-GC-irMS). The investigated VOCs ranged from C6 to C10. Samples were taken from (i) car exhaust emissions as well as from plant combustion experiments of (ii) various C3 and (iii) various C4 plants. We found significant differences in δ values of analysed VOCs between these sources, e.g. δ¹³C of benzene ranged between (i) −21.7 ± 0.2‰, (ii) −27.6 ± 1.6‰ and (iii) −16.3 ± 2.2‰, respectively and δD of benzene ranged between (i) −73 ± 13‰, (ii) −111 ± 10‰ and (iii) −70 ± 24‰, respectively. Results of VOCs present in investigated emission sources were compared to values from the literature (aluminium refinery emission). All source groups could be clearly distinguished using the dual approach of δ¹³C and δD analysis. The results of this study indicate that the correlation of compound specific carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis provides the potential for future research to trace the fate and to determine the origin of VOCs in the atmosphere using thermal desorption compound specific isotope analysis.