稳定同位素在污染物溯源与示踪中的应用

由于稳定同位素在特定污染源中组成确定,且具有分析结果精确可靠、在污染物迁移与转化过程中不发生显著变化的特点,故已被广泛应用于环境污染事件的仲裁、环境污染物的来源分析与示踪研究中。介绍了稳定同位素分馏对于来源分析的影响以及稳定同位素技术在污染物溯源与示踪中识别大气多环芳烃来源、推测环境中硫和铅的来源、考察甲基叔丁基醚来源与降解过程等方面的应用进展。     

Source of lead in humans from Broken Hill mining community

This paper documents the first precise lead isotope measurements for men, women and children from the same family in an attempt to determine the source of lead in their blood. The subjects reside in one of the world's largest lead mining cities, Broken Hill, NSW, Australia. Biological and environmental samples have been compared using isotopic compositions and lead contents. Adult males have isotopic profiles (or compositions) which appear to be related to their occupations. Adult females have low blood leads (<10 g dL^–1) and their main source of lead is not from the mine dumps around which the city is built but probably from a mixture of petrol, food and perhaps water. The blood lead contents in children from 1 to 14 years old vary and are partly dependent on age. There is a moderate correlation of blood lead and isotopic compositions (r = 0.73) indicating that a significant component of blood lead derives from the mine dumps in children with elevated blood leads. Some children with blood leads <20 g dL^–1, however, also have a dominant component of mine lead in their blood     

同位素在环境科学研究中的应用

同位素在环境科学研究中的应用已十分广泛，本文介绍了同位素在水文地质，环境保护和监测及古气候，古环境研究中的应用原理及部分研究成果。     

Investigation of interactions between surface water and petroleum-type pollutants

Background, Aims and Scope In oil spill investigations, one of the most important steps is a proper choice of approaches that imply an investigation of samples taken from different sedimentary environments, samples of oil contaminants taken in different periods of time and samples taken at different distances from the oil spill. In all these cases, conclusion on the influence of the environment, microorganisms or migration on the oil contaminants' composition can be drawn from the comparison of chemical compositions of the investigated contaminants. However, in case of water contaminants, it is very important to define which part of organic matter has been analyzed. Namely, previous investigations showed that there were some differences in chemical composition of the same oil contaminant depending on the intensity of its contact with ground water. The aim of this work is to define more precisely the interactions between oil contaminant and water, i.e. the influence of the intensity of interaction between the oil contaminant and water on its chemical composition. The study was based on a comparison of four fractionated extracts of an oil pollutant, after they had been analyzed in details. Methods Oil polluted surface water (wastewater canal, Pančevo, Serbia) was investigated. The study was based on a comparison of four extracts of an oil contaminant: extract 1 (decanted part), and extracts 2, 3 and 4 (extracted by shaking for 1 minute, 5 minutes and 24 hours, respectively). The fractionated extracts were saponified with a solution of KOH in methanol, and neutralized with 10% hydrochloric acid. The products were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane, and individually fractionated by column chromatography on alumina and silica gel (saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic, alcohol and fatty acid fractions). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types, alcohols and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). δ13CPDB values of individual n-alkanes in the aliphatic fractions were determined using gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-irmMS). Results and discussion. Extracts 1 and 2 are characterized by uniform distribution of n-alkanes, whereas extract 3 is characterized by an even-numbered members dominating the odd-ones, and extract 4 showed a bimodal distribution. Extract 1 is characterized by the least negative δ13CPDB values of C19-C26 n-alkanes. Sterane and triterpane analysis confirmed that all extracts originated from the same oil contaminant. n-Fatty acids, C19-C24, in all extracts are very low, being somewhat higher in extract 4. Even-numbered n-alcohols, C12–C16, were identified in the highest concentration in extract 3. It was assumed that algae were responsible for the composition of extract 3. Furthermore, a possible reason for higher concentrations of C19–C26 n-alkanes and C19–C24 fatty acids in extract 4 is the formation of inclusion compounds with colloidal micelles formed between the oil contaminant's NSO-compounds and water. Conclusion It was undoubtedly confirmed that there were specific differences in the compositions of the different extracts depending on the intensity of the interaction between the oil contaminant and the surface water. Recommendation and Outlook. When comparing the composition of oil contaminants from different water samples (regardless of the ultimate investigation goal) it is necessary to compare the extracts isolated under the same conditions, in other words, extracts that were in the same or very similar interaction with water.     

威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)对~(14)C-土壤有机质转化的研究

土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而大型土壤动物对土壤碳库的稳定性起着重要的决定作用。利用14C示踪技术,以14C-葡萄糖制备微生物源的土壤有机质(Soil organic matter,SOM),以蚯蚓威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)为代表,研究了14C-SOM在含有蚯蚓的两种土壤、不含蚯蚓的对照土壤和不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中的矿化、残留物在土壤和蚓粪中分布以及蚯蚓对14C-SOM的吸收。结果显示,15 d的培育期内蚯蚓显著加快了14C-SOM的矿化,在土壤中的矿化量是不含蚯蚓的对照土壤中矿化量的1.5～1.7倍,然而当移出蚯蚓后,残留14C-SOM在两种土壤中40 d内的矿化都比对照土壤中低。大约有4.2%～4.8%的14C-SOM被蚯蚓吸收利用。在有蚯蚓存在的土壤中,14C-SOM残留物在胡敏素中的含量有所增高,而在溶解有机物(DOM)中的含量显著降低。14C-SOM在不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中55 d内的矿化量和矿化动力学以及残留分布与在对照土壤中均没有显著区别。这些结果表明,蚯蚓对微生物源14C-SOM转化的影响主要是蚯蚓的肠道作用,这种作用可表现在两个方面,即初期对14C-SOM矿化的促进作...     

同位素稀释质谱法测定IMEP-6水样品中的痕量镉和铅

采用国际公认的具有绝对测量性质的同位素稀释质谱法（ＩＤＭＳ）为国际测量评估计划（ＩＭＥＰ－６）所用比对样品定值，准确测定了该样品中痕量镉和铅，提供的测定值与事后组织者公布的标准值附和较好。     

浐河、灞河硝酸盐端元贡献比例——基于硝酸盐氮、氧同位素研究

近年来,河流氮污染一直是生物地球化学领域研究的热点问题。然而,识别水体硝酸盐来源、端元贡献比例及其在水体中存在生物转化(硝化、反硝化)过程,仍旧是氮循环研究的难点问题。本研究选取流经西安市的两条河流——浐河和灞河,测定其河水溶解态硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成,并结合Bayesian同位素混合模型,有效识别了两条河流从源头到汇入渭河河口处,氮素来源的变化,同时,定量分析了其贡献比例的变化。结果显示,河流源头附近,土壤有机氮是河流硝酸盐主要来源,其贡献比例接近30%;河流中游,由于沿河农业活动的增加,同位素指示河流硝酸盐主要来源转化为化学肥料,其贡献比例接近25%;河流下游,由于城市用水的汇入,硝酸盐氮、氧同位素值偏正,主要位于污水及粪肥区间,指示硝酸盐含量较高的生活污水及工业废水的输入,其贡献比例能达到30%以上。通过本研究,研究者定性及半定量的区分和浐河、灞河氮素来源,为今后有效控制氮污染提供了理论基础。     

云南抚仙湖主要入湖河流有机碳来源辨识

通过对云南抚仙湖流域土壤、植被和主要入湖河流有机碳含量和碳同位素组成的对比研究,探讨了抚仙湖主要入湖河流有机碳来源、空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,抚仙湖入湖河流溶解有机碳(DOC)含量较高,变化范围为2.79~38.02mg/L,且呈西部(19.20mg/L)北部(13.82mg/L)东部(3.37mg/L)的分布特征;河流颗粒有机碳(POC)含量较低,变化范围为0.22~2.68mg/L,且北部(0.84mg/L)西部(0.56mg/L)东部(0.40mg/L)。抚仙湖主要入湖河流水体δ~(13)C_(DOC)值变化范围为-12.6‰~-25.5‰,且随DOC含量增大而略呈偏负趋势,表明抚仙湖入湖河流DOC除来源于流域土壤侵蚀外,农业面源污染和生活污水排放也是重要的贡献源。抚仙湖入湖河流水体δ~(13)C_(POC)值主要分布范围为-23.2‰~-27.0‰,与流域土壤及植物δ~(13)C一致,远离内源POC的δ~(13)C范围,指示河流POC主要来源于流域土壤侵蚀和植物碎屑输入。     

典型温冰川区湖泊的稳定同位素空间分布特征

2014年8月对拉市海表层及不同深度湖水进行采样,分析拉市海湖水的氢氧稳定同位素的空间变化及其影响因素,探讨典型温冰川区域湖泊的水文补给特征.结果表明,拉市海表层湖水的δ~(18)O、δD值分别在-12.98‰~8.16‰和-99.42‰~-73.78‰之间波动,平均值分别为-9.75‰和-82.23‰;表层湖水的δ~(18)O及过量氘表现出相反的空间变化特征,有河水注入的区域δ~(18)O值较低而过量氘值较高;垂直方向上过量氘随深度变化较小,表明湖水在垂直方向上混合较充分,不同深度层上过量氘表现出自东向西先增大后减小的变化趋势,这可能与入湖河流的分布、湖泊所处的地理位置及自然条件等密切相关;同位素对比研究发现,拉市海的主要补给源为大气降水及河水,冰雪融水可能间接补给拉市海;对拉市海与青藏高原地区典型湖泊和非冰川区湖泊的氧同位素组成对比发现,冰川区湖泊中稳定同位素表现出明显的高程效应(拉市海除外),δ~(18)O随海拔升高而降低.非冰川区湖泊蒸发效应较为明显,同位素值明显偏正.     

河流中碳、硫稳定同位素的研究进展

河流系统是全球生物地球化学循环的关键环节,是将陆地侵蚀物质输入海洋的主要通道.自然风化是河流水物源的主要营力,人为活动的影响使河流污染物的来源更加复杂,仅仅依靠主要离子组成不能很好的区分河流中物质的不同来源,而稳定碳、硫同位素可以示踪河流中物质的来源.本文综述了当代河流系统中碳、硫同位素的研究现状和分析方法,并对未来河流研究中碳-硫耦合循环研究进行了展望.