酸碱处理-溶剂萃取法提取废旧电脑线路板中的金

采用酸碱法溶出电脑线路板中的贱金属,用王水制备金贵液,然后选用萃取容量较大的甲基异丁基甲酮进行萃金研究,结果表明：在相比为0.6、振荡萃取频率（100 r/min）、萃取时间15 min、温度40℃时,MIBK萃金的效果最佳,一次萃取率可达到97.14%,当金贵液中金含量大于30μg时,在以上条件下,萃取率可达到98%以上;选用5%的草酸进行金的反萃取,在70℃反萃40 min其反萃率可达98%以上;在120℃条件下蒸馏、冷凝回收有机相中的甲基异丁基甲酮,其回收率大于98%,节约萃取成本的同时,可提高试剂的利用效率。     

计算机技术在环境保护信息系统中的应用

结合国内外实际环境系统信息的调研成果和客户需求分析以及环境领域自身的科学规律，论述了7种计算机技术(3S技术、在线监测技术、模型技术、多媒体和可视化技术、人工智能技术、仿真技术和互联网技术)在环境保护信息系统中的应用前景。具有辅助决策功能的综合环境保护信息系统的主要功能包括：(1)信息获取与显示；(2)信息查询；(3)环境信息的分析；(4)环境信息的表达。用计算机技术实现环境保护信息系统的主要功能关键问题在于：(1)系统的有效管理；(2)3S技术与环境模型的融合和集成；(3)专家系统(ES)与3S技术的融合；(4)仿真系统与3S技术的融合：(5)在线监测技术与3S技术的融合；(6)环境系统与Intranet/Internet的融合。     

信息技术在防治油污染中的应用

从造成重大油污染事件的原因分析及其治理的评估，可以看出信息技术都起着重要作用。随着以互联网、万维网、电子邮件等为特征的现代信息技术的迅速发展，油污染防治也进入了一个新阶段。文中介绍该技术在防治油污染中的应用。     

MODELING NITROGEN UPTAKE AND POTENTIAL NITRATE LEACHING UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION PROGRAMS IN NITROGEN-FERTILIZED TOMATO USING THE COMPUTER PROGRAM NLEAP

Readily available nitrogen (N) sources such as ammonium nitrate with excessive irrigation present a potential hazard for the environment. The computer program Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) is a mechanistic model developed for rapid site-specific estimates of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) moving below the root zone in agricultural crops and potantial impacts of NO₃-N leaching into groundwater. In this study, the value of NLEAP was tested to simulate N uptake by crops and NO₃-N leaching parameters in large lysimeters under the tomato crop. Three seedlings of tomato variety of H-2274 (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) were transplanted into each lysimeter. N fertilizer at the rate of 140 kg N ha^–1 was sidedressed in two split applications, the first half as ammonium sulphate and the second half as ammonium nitrate. The lysimeters were irrigated based on programs of C 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50, C referring to class A-Pan evaporation coefficients. Parameters such as leaching index (LI), annual leaching risk potential (ALRP), N available for leaching (NAL), amount of NO₃-N leached (NL) and amount of N taken up by the crops (NU) were estimated using the NLEAP computer model. To test the ability of model to simulate N uptake and NL, measured values were compared with simulated values. Significant correlations, R² = 0.92 and P < 0.03 for the first year and R² = 0.86 and P < 0.06 for the second year, were found between measured and simulated values for crop N consumption, indicating that the NLEAP model adequately described crop N uptake under the varied irrigation programs using an optimal N fertilization program for the experimental site. Significant correlations, R² = 0.96 and P < 0.01 for the first year and R² = 0.97 and P < 0.01 for the second year, were also found between measured and simulated values of NL, indicating that the NLEAP model also adequately predicted NL under the varied irrigation programs. Therefore, this computer model can be useful to estimate the NO₃-N moving beyond the root zone under conditions in which the present experiment was carried out. Also, the NLEAP-estimated NAL values and other parameters can also be used to improve N management practices and N fertilizer recommendations that will help to decrease the adverse effect of N fertilizer on groundwater quality and farm profitability.     

电脑散热风扇灰尘中多溴二苯醚的污染特征和环境健康风险评价

以多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）为阻燃剂的电器的使用是室内灰尘中PBDEs的一个重要来源,其中,电脑是人们日常使用时间较长的电子设备之一.采集了主要电脑厂商过去十年间生产的笔记本和台式机内置散热风扇处的灰尘,研究了灰尘中PBDEs的含量、组成、来源及人体暴露量,并评价了其环境健康风险.结果表明,各主流品牌电脑均有部分样品∑PBDEs含量较高,显示其可能都曾使用PBDEs作为阻燃剂.组成上,笔记本和台式机均以BDE-209为主（笔记本：89.4%,台式机：93.3%）.53%的笔记本（19/36）和台式机（10/19）灰尘中∑PBDEs与室内降尘对照样的比值>1.其中,8台笔记本和2台台式机的比值>10（77±99和53±61）,表明部分电脑的组件中添加了PBDEs,其运行使用是室内环境中PBDEs的来源之一.人体通过灰尘摄入途径暴露于电脑释放源∑PBDEs的非致癌风险（HI）和BDE-209的致癌风险（CR）均比呼吸暴露途径高1~2个数量级,显示灰尘摄入在人体对电脑等室内PBDEs释放源的暴露中扮演主要角色.各暴露途径的暴露量均低于RfD,HI > 1和CR > 10^-6（可接受致癌风险的上限）的超标概率均小于0.000%,显示人体通过灰尘摄入和呼吸途径暴露于电脑释放源PBDEs的环境健康风险低,但由于人体对PBDEs暴露途径的多样性,其叠加后的暴露量和健康风险仍需进一步研究评估.BDE-209是我国人体经灰尘摄入和呼吸途径暴露于电脑释放源PBDEs的首要同系物.主要低溴BDE的暴露风险随溴代数降低而增加,BDE-209漫长复杂的自然降解所产生低溴BDE的环境健康风险值得继续关注.     

边坡工程集成式智能辅助决策系统研究

以智能决策支持系统（ＩＳＳ）的理论与方法为基础，以事务处理专家系统系统开发具ＧＵＲＵ为开发环境，将多种评价与决策模型和方法相结合，形成了一个应用于边坡工程的集成式智能辅助决策系统（ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ），本文讨论了ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ的设计思想，介绍了ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ的基本结构模式，各部分的功能及其实现方法，ＩＩＡＤＳＳＥ具有定性与定量分析相结合的特征，可较好地处理边坡工程稳定性评价与加固方案决策分析问题。     

Application of modeling and simulation tools in costs and pollution monitoring

This paper presents the development and application of process modeling and simulation tools to aid in the monitoring and measuring of pollution from industry, and investigate a plant's overall performance. A case study of a generic reduction plant is investigated, taking into account the underlying principles that determine the amount of fluoride emissions released from the plant's processes. The simulation study includes the investigation of the gas cleaning system within the plant, such as the system's operating relationships between the scrubbing efficiency, wear of the scrubber filter bags, maintenance costs and its response to the change of scrubbing circulation. Two sets of simulation runs are performed to seek a balance for the plant's overall system performance, taking into account environmental issues (fluoride emissions) and cost. The final simulation result demonstrates that cost savings can be achieved when the plant operates in a cleaner manner.     

内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替规律的仿真

文章用细胞自动机研究群落的演替过程。根据从1983年围封内蒙古典型草原后连续11年定位监测的数据,建立了一个描述在过大牧压下退化的典型草原植物群落封育后恢复演替的模型。用计算机对模型进行仿真,仿真的结果符合实测群落恢复演替的动态趋势,从而验证了建模时所提出假设的正确性。进而用这一模型模拟草原的退化过程,深化对草原退化和恢复演替的机理的认识。     

Integrated Simulation and Modelling Approach to Decision Making and Environmental Protection

This paper's objective is first to test the application of computer simulation and modelling tools in investigating the effects of applying sustainable manufacturing practices in a smelter plant, and second, to prove quantitatively and visually that 'sustainibility is free'. A simulation model is built to test and capture two different operating polices, 'Policy 1' and 'Policy 2', of an industrial system. In the case study, the simulation model is designed to reflect the effects of decision making in the activites found in a smelter plant, and to quantify the cost, sustainable and environmental consequences based on the decisions. Apart from providing a means of accurately measuring a system's performance, the purpose of using simulation tools is also to link the economic factors, such as productivity and total costs, as well as the sustainable factors, such as natural resource and energy consumption of a system. The simulation results prove quantitatively and visually that sustainability is not only 'free' but is, in fact, a far better proposition for economic growth in the medium to longer term than traditional forms of management.     

高层建筑楼梯与电梯耦合的安全疏散策略研究

人员疏散是高层建筑火灾应急管理中重要问题之一。仅依靠楼梯无法在火灾初期安全快速地大批量疏散人群，必须引入其他疏散途径，才能达到安全疏散的要求，而引入电梯，实现楼梯电梯耦合疏散，成为未来高层建筑火灾垂直疏散的新趋势之一。运用BuildingEXODUS从不同建筑高度、不同人群密度、不同人员类型3个方面，运用楼梯模式、A型Shuttle Floor模式、B型Shuttle Floor模式、Sky Lobby模式4种模式进行模拟，提出每种情况的最优疏散策略。研究结果表明:任何层数的高层建筑都存在1个或数个最佳分离楼层使楼梯电梯耦合疏散的效率最高；在运用楼梯以及耦合方案2时，疏散时间与建筑高度呈线性关系，且随着楼层的增高耦合方案2所用疏散时间越来越接近楼梯疏散时间的二分之一；不同人群密度与最佳分离楼层无关；当人员平均疏散能力较高时，最佳分离楼层会上移反之则会下降。