Gradient modeling: A new approach to fire modeling and wilderness resource management

Managers of wilderness resources must maintain, preserve, and sometimes restore pristine ecosystems while providing for public use and enjoyment of these areas. These managers require a resource information system that can store, retrieve and integrate basic data, synthesize components to solve particular problems, and provide simulations and predictions of natural processes and management actions. Traditional information systems based on land classification and type-mapping do not provide these capabilities.Gradient modeling, a new approach to resource management and forest fire simulation, has been developed to meet these needs in Glacier National Park. The method links four major components: (1) a terrestrial site inventory coded from aerial photographs that offers 10-m resolution; (2) gradient models of vegetation and fuel that derive quantitative stand compositional data from the parameters stored in the coded inventory; (3) a fuel moisture and microclimate model that extrapolates basestation weather data to remote sites using the parameters stored in the inventory; and (4) fire behavior and fire ecology models that integrate the data from the inventory and models to calculate real-time fire behavior and ecological succession following a fire.     

A novel radiant floor system: Detailed characterization and comparison with traditional radiant systems

ABSTRACT

Radiant floor systems have the potential to reduce energy consumption and the carbon footprint of buildings. This study analyzed a novel radiant panel configuration comprising a metal plate with small spikes that can be pressed into cement board or wood. The behavior of this configuration was simulated for different materials for the metal plate, spike dimensions, and varying spacing between spikes. An annual energy simulation model compared the radiant panel configuration with the traditional concrete-based system. Simulations were run under heating dominant, cooling dominant, and neutral conditions; significant cost savings and greenhouse gas emission reduction were seen across all scenarios.     

AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS TO ANALYSIS OF EXTREMES1

ABSTRACT: A convenient method for the statistical analysis of hydrologic extremes is to use probability papers to fit selected theoretical distributions to extremal observations. Three commonly accepted statistical distributions of extreme hydrologic events are: the double exponential distribution, the bounded exponential distribution, and the Log Pearson Type III distribution. In most cases, probability papers are distribution specific. But, for the Log Pearson Type III distribution, the probability paper is characterized by a population-specific parameter, namely, the coefficient of skewness. It is not practicable to procure probability papers for all possible values of this parameter. Therefore, a computer program is developed to generate population-specific probability papers and to perform statistical analysis of the data using computer graphics. Probability papers covering return periods up to 1000 years or more are generated for the three distributions mentioned above. Using a plot routine, available extremal observations are plotted on selected probability papers and a linear regression analysis is used to fit a straight line to the data. Predictions of hydrologic extremes for higher recurrence intervals can be made by extrapolating the fitted straight lines.     

信息安全的现状与若干进展

本在综述了国内外信息安全理论，管理和技术现状的基础上，结合信息安全的发展趋势，简要介绍了信息安全技术与理论最新进展；国内外信息安全发展水平的对比显示，我国的信息安全水平仍相对落后。     

对DXF文件信息安全地提取机制研究

DXF文件作为AutoCAD所支持的中间文件格式 ,包含了AutoCAD工程图的全部信息。如果操作不当 ,不但得不到所需要的信息 ,而且还可能使文件的安全性遭到破坏。针对工程中提取文本图元信息这样的实际问题 ,通过研究DXF文件的构成 ,提出了实际可靠的算法 ,该算法具有一定的通用性 ,并且以word文件的格式给出得到的结果。如果需要其他图元信息 ,只要适当修改此算法就可以。     

结构抗震分析中的计算机仿真技术

结合已有的研究成果和应用实例,介绍了计算机仿真技术在结构抗震设计、既有结构抗震性能评估、极端外部作用下结构反应分析、区域抗震规划与评估等领域的应用现状及最新进展。强调了能够解决不连续、大变形问题的数值分析方法在这一领域的意义。指出建立或完善构件层次的滞回本构模型和多参数破坏准则,研究结构解体前后的阻尼机制,探讨数据库技术在仿真系统中的应用,发展新型结构体系的分析模型以及具有初始损伤结构的地震反应分析方法,引入并行计算技术等对推动计算机仿真技术在结构抗震分析中的应用具有重要的意义。另外,仿真分析方法必须经工程实例或结构试验验证。     

COMBINED SURFACE WATER-GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS WITH THE AID OF THE HYBRID COMPUTER1

The solution with the aid of the hybrid computer of the partial and total differential equations for an integrated surface water groundwater system is described. A versatile computing technique has been developed to make a rapid and accurate study of the groundwater response due to varying inputs (deep percolation) or outputs (evapotranspiration) from the groundwater system. Spatial variations in basic vegetation phenomena, such as pattern, and hydrological parameters, are represented by means of a grid network which also allows the input of variable boundary conditions. The model is applied to an area in Columbia, South America which is subject to high water-table conditions. Various reclamation schemes and management practices under conditions of irrigated agriculture are assessed.     

航空电子产品环境仿真试验技术

针对航空电子产品提出了产品数字样机模型,通过环境应力分析、故障分析及仿真结果评价等环境仿真试验技术,考察了产品的环境适应性,讨论了环境仿真试验中的3项关键技术——用于建模和应力分析的计算机辅助工程技术、故障物理分析技术和仿真结果评价技术。     

时间压力视角下人格特征与VDT视觉搜索绩效的关系及形成机理*

为合理选拔和培训特定情境下的视觉搜索安检人员,从时间压力视角分析大五人格特征与视觉显示终端（visual display terminal,VDT）的视觉搜索绩效的关系。通过变量分析和设计,提出VDT视觉搜索绩效影响因素理论模型;运用Visual Studio设计实验模拟视觉搜索安检任务,采集绩效及眼动数据;最后进行有中介的调节模型检验。研究结果表明:不同人格特征的VDT视觉搜索绩效存在差异;所有人格特征的搜索策略随机指数随时间压力的增加而降低,但调整强度在不同人格特征之间存在差异,严谨性人格调整幅度最大;时间压力通过搜索策略的中介作用（部分）间接调节人格特征与VDT视觉搜索绩效的关系;较高和较低时间压力下,严谨性人格通过有效的搜索策略调整,绩效最好;中等时间压力下,开放性人格的绩效最好。研究结果可为视觉搜索作业人员的选拔和培训提供理论依据。     

基于锥形量热仪的计算机显示器燃烧特性分析

利用锥形量热仪对计算机显示器材料进行小尺寸燃烧性能试验研究,通过改变锥形量热仪的热辐射强度模拟中、小规模火灾。分析火灾中显示器样品的热释放速率(HRR)、质量损失速率、CO产生率和比消光系数。试验发现当热辐射强度为35 kW/m2时,计算机显示器的热释放速率比其在热辐射强度为75 kW/m2时多一个加速增长阶段,主要原因是在此热辐射强度下,材料热解速度缓慢,表面炭层厚度逐渐增厚,热量积聚后,材料热解速度增大,热释放速率加速达到第二个峰值;显示器材料在2种热辐射强度下的质量损失速率分3个阶段,炭层的包覆作用对其质量燃烧速率影响较小;显示器材料在燃烧过程中CO产生率、比消光系数和质量燃烧速率成线性递增关系。试验结果可反映显示器在真实火灾中的燃烧特性。