A serendipitous, long-term infiltration experiment: Water and tritium circulation beneath the CAMBRIC trench at the Nevada Test Site

Underground nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site introduced numerous radionuclides that may be used subsequently to characterize subsurface hydrologic transport processes in arid climates. In 1965, a unique, 16-year pumping experiment designed to examine radionuclide migration away from the CAMBRIC nuclear test, conducted in the saturated zone beneath Frenchman Flat, Nevada, USA, gave rise to an unintended second experiment involving radionuclide infiltration through the vadose zone, as induced by seepage of pumping effluents beneath an unlined discharge trench. The combined experiments have been reanalyzed using a detailed, three-dimensional numerical model of transient, variably saturated flow and mass transport in a heterogeneous subsurface, tailored specifically for large-scale and efficient calculations. Simulations have been used to estimate tritium travel and residence times in various parts of the system for comparison with observations in wells. Model predictions of mass transport were able to clearly demonstrate radionuclide recycling behavior between the trench and pumping well previously suggested by isotopic age dating information; match travel time estimates for radionuclides moving between the trench, the water table, and monitoring and pumping wells; and provide more realistic ways in which to interpret the pumping well elution curves. Collectively, the results illustrate the utility of integrating detailed numerical modeling with diverse observational data in developing more accurate interpretations of contaminant migration processes.     

论电子阅览室管理中的安全问题与对策

随着现代信息网络技术的不断发展和广泛使用,使用电子阅览室查阅各种文献的读者迅速增加,电子阅览室的安全问题也愈发突出。从计算机及辅助设备的安全管理和维护、加强对计算机病毒的防治、加强对用户的管理等方面探讨了在网络环境下如何实现对电子阅览室日常的安全管理。     

Exploring the use of computer models in participatory integrated assessment – experiences and recommendations for further steps

Integrated assessment (IA) can be defined as a structured process of dealing with complex issues, using knowledge from various scientific disciplines and/or stakeholders, such that integrated insights are made available to decision makers (J. Rotmans, Enviromental Modelling and Assessment 3 (1998) 155). There is a growing recognition that the participation of stakeholders is a vital element of IA. However, only little is known about methodological requirements for such participatory IA and possible insights to be gained from these approaches. This paper summarizes some of the experiences gathered in the ULYSSES project, which aims at developing procedures that are able to bridge the gap between environmental science and democratic policy making for the issue of climate change. The discussion is based on a total of 52 IA focus groups with citizens, run in six European and one US city. In these groups, different computer models were used, ranging from complex and dynamic global models to simple accounting tools. The analysis in this paper focuses on the role of the computer models. The findings suggest that the computer models were successful at conveying to participants the temporal and spatial scale of climate change, the complexity of the system and the uncertainties in our understanding of it. However, most participants felt that the computer models were less instrumental for the exploration of policy options. Furthermore, both research teams and participants agreed that despite considerable efforts, most models were not sufficiently user-friendly and transparent for being accessed in an IA focus group. With that background, some methodological conclusions are drawn about the inclusion of the computer models in the deliberation process. Furthermore, some suggestions are made about how given models should be adapted and new ones developed in order to be helpful for participatory IA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

絮体破碎再形成行为的计算机模拟

为了深入探讨絮体破碎行为对其分形成长及结构的影响,借助一种简化的絮体破碎模式对絮体破碎/再形成过程进行计算机模拟。通过对比分析破碎前后虚拟絮体的形态特征及其统计特性,得出如下主要结论：（1）絮体发生破碎后,所形成碎片的形态特征直接影响着再形成絮体的形态及恢复程度;（2）絮体外围枝杈结构的破坏,有利于运动粒子进入絮体内部或者均匀地排列在凝聚核周围,改善絮体质心附近颗粒的空间分布,从而有效地提高其致密性和抗剪切破坏能力;（3）在絮体分形成长过程中,存在一个使其由各向同性向各向异性过渡的临界状态,之后发育良好的枝杈对其余枝杈生长的抑制作用增强。此外,在实际操作时还应严格控制絮凝体系的物化条件,不宜使絮体过度破碎,以获得较好的絮凝效果。     

Quantification of changes in zero valent iron morphology using X-ray computed tomography

Morphological changes within the porous architecture of laboratory scale zero valent iron （ZVI） permeable reactive barriers （PRBs）, after exposure to different groundwater conditions, have been quantified experimentally for different ZVI/sand ratios （10%, 50% and 100%, W/W） with the aim of inferring porosity changes in field barriers. Column studies were conducted to simulate interaction with different water chemistries, a synthetic groundwater, acidic drainage and deionised （DI） water as control. Morphological changes, in terms of pore size and distribution, were measured using X-ray computed tomography （CT）. CT image analysis revealed significant morphological changes in columns treated with different water chemistries. For example, 100% ZVI （W/W） columns had a higher frequency of small pores （0.6 mm） was observed in ZVI grains reacted with typical groundwater, resulting in a porosity of 27%, compared to 32% when exposed to DI water. In comparison, ZVI grains treated with the acidic drainage had higher porosity （44%） and larger average pore size （2.8 mm）. 10% ZVI PRB barrier material had the highest mean porosity （56%） after exposure to any water chemistry whilst 100% ZVI （W/W） columns always had the lowest （34%） with the 50% ZVI （W/W） in between （40%）. These results agree with previously published PRB field data and simultaneously conducted geochemical monitoring and mass balance calculation, indicating that both the geochemical and hydraulic environment of the PRB play an important role in determining barrier lifespan. This study suggests that X-ray CT image analysis is a powerful tool for studying the detailed inter pores between ZVI grains within PRBs.     

电力通信机房监控系统对室内空气净化程度检测研究

为解决当前电力通信机房室内空气监控系统抗干扰能力弱,室内空气净化检测精度低等问题.设计了基于ARM的电力通信机房室内空气监控系统,以提高室内空气净化检测精度.选用DHT11温度传感器,引入专用数字单元采集技术和温度传感技术,实现空气温度监控.安设 HS1101传感器,监控空气湿度.采用OLED液晶显示作为系统的可视化窗口,完成电力通信机房监控系统设计.实验结果表明,该系统能耗低,抗干扰能力强,为准确检测室内空气净化程度起到重要作用.     

气体扩散模式与港口大气环境质量计算机模拟

在对大气环境质量计算机模拟方法和基本模式讨论的基础上，分析了常用的三个基本计算机模式FDM、AFTOX、ISC3VIEW的使用范围与边界条件等，对中国港口大气环境质量计算机预测模拟应用和应注意的一些问题进行了研究和探讨。     

输气场站SCADA控制系统故障分析处理

以某输气站为例,对输气站的SCADA控制系统在生产运行中存在的故障进行分类分析,针对各故障类别,探讨解决各部分故障的处理措施。最后阐明应根据故障产生的部位和相应的报警信息,从报警源头开始逐步检查分析,快速找到原因并进行处理及优化,从而保障系统的稳定运行和安全生产。     

高砷高氟废水处理工艺技术研究

介绍采用两级中和、复合絮凝剂絮凝沉降、烧渣助凝处理高砷高氟废水的工艺。实验证明:通过该工艺处理的水完全达到了排放标准的要求,烧渣助凝解决了污泥脱水的难题。     

测震数字化观测系统前后台机网络维护的研究

随着计算机网络技术在地震台站的广泛使用，对台站人员计算机网络技术的学习提出了更高的要求。本文就是针对目前地震台站测震数字化系统前、后台机网络的连接、设置和常见的一些问题，结合作者工作实际提出的一些方法和见解，仅供兄弟台站参考。