城市大气污染传递函数矩阵表一定量现状分析工具

污染源治理和大气污染总量控制的实施需要对城市进行大气污染现状的定量分析。城市大气污染传递函数矩阵表是用于确定城市污染源与关心点的大气质量的定量关系的一种方法。本文提出一个适用于不同地形条件和满足城市特点的定常高斯模式（LEECM－Ⅱ计算机程序）计算和生成污染传递函数表方法。同时给出不同城市大气质量评价中应用的结果与实测结果有相当好的相关性。结果表明：本文的模式作为大气污染现状分析工具有很强的适应性和实际情况符合较好,可广泛和方便地应用于不同的城市地区的大气污染排放总量控制和污染源规划工作中。     

电脑和手机电磁辐射强度测试及防护对策

测试了电脑显示器和手机工作时电磁辐射强度的大小,总结了它们发射电磁波强度大小的规律,并与国家标准进行了比较,针对电磁波的危害提出了一些防护措施和对策。     

基于GIS的湖泊区域地表水环境影响评价方法

对地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）技术在地表水环境影响评价中的应用进行了系统分析,指出了应用GIS的技术优势。通过实例研究,提出了基于GIS的区域地表水环境影响评价的方法步骤。在环境监测数据的基础上,利用计算机软件ArcView对BOD5和COD两个评价参数的监测值在水域中的空间分布进行分析,绘制区域等值线,结合地表水评价标准,进行水质评价,确定不同等级水质的空间分布区域。最后对应用GIS应注意的问题进行了分析。     

基于几何方法的疏散仿真模型——GAEvac

GAEvac模型是基于几何方法和目标智能判别的人员疏散计算机模型,该模型针对建筑物和人员的特点,建立以几何元素表示的建筑物空间和人员体型模型,通过碰撞检测和位置调整的算法,模拟疏散中个体人员的速度变化和移动方向选择。通过设置分级目标和条件决策规则,模拟疏散过程中的人员路径选择,疏散过程中的群体效应得以体现。通过速度变化和疏散路径选择模拟实验,对GAEvac模型模拟的结果进行了对比分析。最后,通过对实例的模拟,验证了GAEvac模型的应用效果。     

污水处理厂计算机仿真模拟研究

将上海市某城市污水处理厂的生产运行数据进行了计算机模拟,并将模拟结果中的COD及TSS、TN、NH3-N等组分的浓度与实测数据进行了比较。通过对模型参数进行修正和调整,仅改变ASM1数学模型中的4个参数,即取得了较好的预测效果。同时对城市污水处理厂进一步运用数学模型的可行性进行了讨论。     

大型超市火灾人员疏散路径优化研究

针对常州某大型超市的实际建筑结构和人员分布情况,利用计算机进行火灾情况下的人员疏散模拟,得出疏散路径、出口人员流量、疏散时间及疏散设施的使用情况等相关数据。疏散过程中路径选择是影响疏散时间的重要因素,而人员对超市环境的熟悉程度又是影响路径选择的重要因素。进行路径优化时,若以超市店员作为疏散的动态引导人,采用方向式动态引导,将人员引导至模拟中使用率较低的出口和楼梯,进行人员分流,能够缩短疏散时间,进一步优化疏散路径。从疏散路径选择和人员管理方面提出一种针对该超市的更为高效的疏散方法。     

Quantification of changes in zero valent iron morphology using X-ray computed tomography

Morphological changes within the porous architecture of laboratory scale zero valent iron （ZVI） permeable reactive barriers （PRBs）, after exposure to different groundwater conditions, have been quantified experimentally for different ZVI/sand ratios （10%, 50% and 100%, W/W） with the aim of inferring porosity changes in field barriers. Column studies were conducted to simulate interaction with different water chemistries, a synthetic groundwater, acidic drainage and deionised （DI） water as control. Morphological changes, in terms of pore size and distribution, were measured using X-ray computed tomography （CT）. CT image analysis revealed significant morphological changes in columns treated with different water chemistries. For example, 100% ZVI （W/W） columns had a higher frequency of small pores （0.6 mm） was observed in ZVI grains reacted with typical groundwater, resulting in a porosity of 27%, compared to 32% when exposed to DI water. In comparison, ZVI grains treated with the acidic drainage had higher porosity （44%） and larger average pore size （2.8 mm）. 10% ZVI PRB barrier material had the highest mean porosity （56%） after exposure to any water chemistry whilst 100% ZVI （W/W） columns always had the lowest （34%） with the 50% ZVI （W/W） in between （40%）. These results agree with previously published PRB field data and simultaneously conducted geochemical monitoring and mass balance calculation, indicating that both the geochemical and hydraulic environment of the PRB play an important role in determining barrier lifespan. This study suggests that X-ray CT image analysis is a powerful tool for studying the detailed inter pores between ZVI grains within PRBs.     

Office Ergonomics: Deficiencies in Computer Workstation Design

The objective of this research was to study and identify ergonomic deficiencies in computer workstation design in typical offices. Physical measurements and a questionnaire were used to study 40 workstations. Major ergonomic deficiencies were found in physical design and layout of the workstations, employee postures, work practices, and training. The consequences in terms of user health and other problems were significant. Forty-five percent of the employees used nonadjustable chairs, 48% of computers faced windows, 90% of the employees used computers more than 4 hrs/day, 45% of the employees adopted bent and unsupported back postures, and 20% used office tables for computers. Major problems reported were eyestrain (58%), shoulder pain (45%), back pain (43%), arm pain (35%), wrist pain (30%), and neck pain (30%). These results indicated serious ergonomic deficiencies in office computer workstation design, layout, and usage. Strategies to reduce or eliminate ergonomic deficiencies in computer workstation design were suggested.     

Mental Symptoms and the Use of New Technical Equipment

The aim of this paper was to present how mental symptoms are connected to the use of desktop, portable or minicomputers (communicators and hand-held computers), mobile phones, and background information such as age and gender in the Finnish working-age population. The study was carried out as a cross-sectional study by posting a questionnaire to 15 000 working-age (18-65) Finns. The mental symptoms of 6121 respondents were analysed using the model factors age, gender, the use of computers and the use of mobile phones. In all data, the use of desktop computers was related to mental symptoms. However, the results of our data are not highly reliable, because the nonresponse rate was over 50%. Nevertheless, it may be essential to take into account in the future that working with computers can increase workers’ mental symptoms, and it is important to observe their mental health.     

Reliability of a Questionnaire and an Ergonomic Checklist for Assessing Working Conditions and Health at Call Centres

Background. The purpose was to study the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of questions in aquestionnaire concerning working conditions and health and the inter-rater reliability of observations andmeasurements according to an ergonomic checklist. Method. Fifty-seven operators participated in a retestquestionnaire and 58 operators participated in an inter-observer test. Results. The questions had fair to good or higher reliability in 142 of the total of 312. Twenty-seven of the total of 44 variables in the ergonomicchecklist were classified as having fair to good or higher reliability. Conclusions. About half of the questionshad fair to good or higher reliability and can be recommended for further analyses. The majority of variablesin the ergonomic checklist were classified as having fair to good or higher reliability. Low reliability does notnecessarily indicate that the reliability of the test, per se, is low but may signify that the conditions measuredvary over time or that the answers are aggregated in one part of the scale.