4种多环芳烃对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)原肠胚发育的急性毒性研究

海洋中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有较强的生物毒性,且海洋动物早期发育阶段是对环境因素变化响应的最敏感阶段。为探究海洋多环芳烃类有机污染物对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)早期发育阶段原肠胚的毒性影响,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别考察了4种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、3-甲基菲、惹烯及2-甲基蒽对仿刺参原肠胚的24、48、72、96 h急性毒性效应。结果表明,在10、50、100、200μg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,随着暴露时间的延长和暴露浓度的升高,4种多环芳烃对仿刺参原肠胚产生不同程度的急性毒性效应,仿刺参原肠胚存活率与4种多环芳烃浓度之间分别存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P0.05)。苯并[a]芘对仿刺参原肠胚在24、48 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为294.4、225.64 mg·L~(-1),3-甲基菲在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别为404.5、300.7、81.4、17.6mg·L~(-1),惹烯在24、48、72 h的LC_(50)分别为243.1、230、186 mg·L~(-1),2-甲基蒽在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别244、231.6、152.6、142.9 mg·L~(-1)。4种多环芳烃的安全浓度(SC)分别为39.76、49.8、61.8、62.6μg·L~(-1),其毒性大小顺序为苯并[a]芘3-甲基菲惹烯2-甲基蒽。基于定量构效关系(QSAR)的研究结果可知多环芳烃化合物的毒性差异可能与分子结构等性质有关。该实验为深入研究多环芳烃对海洋环境的毒性效应提供了理论依据。     

Wild tomato leaf extracts for spider mite and cowpea aphid control

Glandular trichomes on the leaves of wild tomato, L. hirsutum f. hirsutum Mull, also known as Solanum habrochaites (Solanaceae), synthesize and accumulate high levels of methyl ketones (MKs). L. hirsutum accession LA 407, having high concentration of MKs, was grown from seeds under greenhouse conditions. Four MKs (2-undecanone, 2-dodecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-pentadecanone) were screened for their toxicity to spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and cowpea aphids, Aphis craccivora Koch. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) develop a bioassay for testing MKs on spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality and (2) compare the efficacies of wild tomato leaf crude extracts and pure standard materials of MKs against spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality. Our results revealed that spider mites are most sensitive to 2-tridecanone (LC₅₀ = 0.08 μmole cm^?2 of treated leaf surface) and least sensitive to 2-undecanone (LC₅₀ = 1.5 μmole cm^?2 of treated leaf surface) 4 h after treatment. Similarly, 2-tridecanone caused greatest mortality (LC₅₀ = 0.2 μmole cm^?2 of treated leaf surface), whereas 2-undecanone caused the lowest morality (LC₅₀ = 0.48 μmole cm^?2 of treated surface) of cowpea aphid. We concluded that all MKs tested in this investigation are toxic to spider mites and aphids. 2-Tridecanone is more effective in killing mites and aphids compared to other MKs. Toxicity of crude extracts, prepared from the leaves of L. hirsutum accession LA 407, to spider mites and cowpea aphids revealed greater mortality compared to a combined mixture of MKs standard material (used at the same concentration as found on LA 407 leaves). This indicates that in addition to MKs, other unidentified compounds in LA 407 leaf extract also have pesticidal properties. Accordingly, leaf extracts of LA 407 could be explored in crop protection, and they might open a new area of MK formulations and discovery of biorational alternatives for pest control in agricultural fields.     

An improved method to study the impact of pesticide sprays on small song birds

Abstract

Four test groups of small songbirds (Zebra Finch, Poephila guttata) were sprayed in a chamber with varying concentrations of fenitrothion. Exposure levels were assessed by monitoring air concentrations, deposits of the active ingredient (AI) on glass plates and droplets/cm² on Kromekote® cards. All indices of exposure were linearly correlated and the mean AI deposit on glass plates for the four groups tested were equivalent to 38, 51, 139 and 255 g/ha or 14%, 18%, 50% and 91% of the highest permissible emitted rate for broadscale forest spraying in Canada. Significant depression in body weights and brain acetylcholinesterase levels were noted only for the highest exposure group. Fenitrothion residues in blood were detectable only at the highest exposure level, and in liver at the two higher levels. Carcass and feather residues were much higher than those in blood and liver, and were detectable at all exposure levels but the residues did not increase linearly with exposure. For one of the spray groups, we were able to compute an equivalent acute oral dose based on matching acetylcholinesterase inhibition.     

低浓度石油类测定过程中的问题探讨

分析了影响低浓度石油类测定的一些因素,通过合理的方法克服这些影响因素之后,测定结果才能准确可靠。试验测得1000ml水样直接萃取法测定石油类的方法检出限为0.01mg/L,证明用该方法可以定量测定石油类浓度在0.05mg/L附近的低浓度水样。     

钙对李氏禾富集和耐受铬的调控作用

通过水培实验,研究钙对铬胁迫下李氏禾幼苗生理生化、草酸分泌及铬吸收量的影响,考察钙对李氏禾体内草酸合成的调控,进而促进李氏禾的铬耐性富集能力的作用。结果显示,不同浓度Cr³⁺胁迫下缺钙处理,李氏禾生长受抑制及质膜过氧化作用加剧,体内总草酸含量为对照处理的113%~169%,且主要表现为水溶性草酸含量显著高于对照,水溶性草酸含量为对照处理的135%~197%;高钙处理,李氏禾细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量低于对照,李氏禾叶部总草酸含量为对照处理的125%~155%,且主要表现为不溶性草酸含量显著高于对照,其含量为对照处理的181%~270%。低浓度（0.2、0.4 mmol/L）铬胁迫下,高钙处理总铬含量分别为对照处理的175%和215%,高浓度（0.8、1.0 mmol/L）铬胁迫下,总铬含量与对照处理无显著差异（P>0.05）。可见,添加Ca²⁺能在一定Cr³⁺浓度胁迫下,有效缓解铬对李氏禾的毒害,且能通过提高植物体内不溶性草酸含量达到促进植物富集和耐受铬的能力。     

天津市纪庄子污水处理厂恶臭气体排放研究

2011年,在天津市纪庄子污水处理厂内采集空气样品,并对其中恶臭气体的浓度、扩散模式、影响范围及污水厂内各主要构筑物间相关系数进行了分析研究。结果表明,污水处理厂格栅处恶臭气体浓度最高,为4.31 ng/mL,其中95.61%为H2S气体,其他构筑物恶臭气体浓度范围为0.09～0.32 ng/mL,恶臭气体浓度较前处理工艺相比有大幅度减少;各主要构筑物排放的恶臭气体符合高斯气体扩散模式,恶臭影响范围为厂界外100 m以内;格栅处恶臭气体的排放对于厂界处恶臭气体浓度的贡献度最大,为42.68%;格栅、初沉池、脱水机房、二沉池之间的相关度在90%以上。     

Risk assessment of xenoestrogens in a typical domestic sewage-holding lake in China

Release of domestic sewage leads to accumulation of xenoestrogens in holding waters, especially in closed or semi-enclosed waters such as lakes. In the study, the occurrence, distribution, estrogenic activity and risk of eight xenoestreogens were evaluated in Lake Donghu, China. Nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were identified as the main xenoestrogens ranging from tens of ng L⁻¹ (in the surface water) or ng g⁻¹ dw (in the suspended particles and sediment) to tens of μg L⁻¹ or μg g⁻¹ dw. The sum of 17β-estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) ranged from 0.32 to 45.02 ng L⁻¹ in the surface water, 0.53 to 71.86 ng g⁻¹ dw in the suspended particles, and 0.09 to 24.73 ng g⁻¹ dw in the sediment. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was determined as the main contributor to ∑EEQs followed by NP. The risk assessment showed a higher risk in the surface water than in the suspended particles and sediment in such domestic sewage-holding lake.     

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体采样频率优选方法初探

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体样品化学组成的时空差异,除受采样点位分布制约外,主要还受采样时间的制约。如何选取时间段及采样周期显得尤为重要。通过青岛市空气自动监测系统近几年获取的颗粒物连续时均值数据,采用统计优化组合选择法,筛选出日均值、年均值的最佳采样时段,可供类似研究参考。     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.     

低浓度石油类监测与评价的问题探讨

分析表明,当地表水中石油类浓度很低时,受多方面因素影响,其监测结果的准确性和评价结论的可靠性会下降,应选用合适的监测方法,同时要注意引入污染问题。