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441.
Jinwon Kim 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(7):1137-1161
Beaches are a unique type of recreation setting, offering a variety of water- and land-based opportunities that can meet residents’ diverse and complex recreation needs. Providing and improving equitable access to recreation amenities such as beaches have been recognized as essential responsibilities of public leisure agencies. This study assessed the degree of equity inherent in the distribution of public beaches in the Detroit metropolitan area; to account for spatial effects, phenomena rarely considered in prior equity analyses, geographically weighted regression was employed. Considerable local variations in the relationships between level of access to public beaches and population density, proportion of elderly population and educational attainment were identified. Such findings can help parks and recreation agencies better understand local patterns of equity, an important first step in facilitating the formulation of more efficient and effective planning and policy approaches. 相似文献
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443.
针对空调系统末端装置用风机盘管不具备过滤PM2.5功能的问题,在风机盘管回风口加装具有低阻特性的驻极体空气过滤器进行了性能测试分析。以蜡烛燃烧产生的颗粒物作为室内PM2.5的尘源,将3种不同过滤面积的驻极体空气过滤器分别安装在风机盘管回风口,测试了风机盘管在不同风量(额定风量、75%额定风量、50%额定风量)下运行时其对PM2.5过滤性能及在30 min内室内PM2.5浓度衰减率。结果表明:加装驻极体空气过滤器后风机盘管瞬时过滤效率可达到66%以上、在30 min内室内PM2.5的浓度衰减率可以达到54.8%以上;在相同风量下风机盘管的瞬时过滤效率、处理风量随加装过滤器过滤面积增加而提高;以PM2.5浓度衰减率作为指标,可以判断出回风口加装过滤面积为1.88 m2的过滤器净化效果最优,其在不同风量下30 min内PM2.5浓度衰减率分别为87.4%、84.7%和77.3%,且在不同风量下工作时均能在30 min内使室内PM2.5浓度达到环境空气质量标准一级日平均浓度限值。 相似文献
444.
本文依据一个同时包括地形、热力以及摩擦等因素在内的,能够较真实地反映复杂地形情况下,大气运动基本特征的近地层水平流场二维数值模式,将其扩展成三维模式。在此基础上,从平流扩散方程出发,建立了一个与上述流场相应的浓度场预报模式。经与实测值比较,该预报模式具有较好的可靠性和适用性 相似文献
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本文根据西岭雪山景区特色,将其分为三大景观区,从景观的美学价值出发,选择了12个美学评价指标,运用层次分析法和征询评分加权法,对该风景区进行了环境美学综合评价。 相似文献
448.
Siman RR Borges AC Ratusznei SM Rodrigues JA Zaiat M Foresti E Borzani W 《Journal of environmental management》2004,72(4):1324-247
The effect of organic loading on the performance of a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor (ASBBR) has been investigated, by varying influent concentration and cycle period. For microbial immobilization 1-cm polyurethane foam cubes were used. An agitation rate of 500 rpm and temperature of 30+/-2 degrees C were employed. Organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.5-6.0gCODl(-1)d(-1) were applied to the 6.3-l reactor treating 2.0 l synthetic wastewater in 8 and 12-h batches and at concentrations of 500-2000mgCODl(-1), making it possible to analyze the effect of these two operation variables for the same organic loading range. Microbial immobilization on inert support maintained approximately 60 gTVS in the reactor. Filtered sample organic COD removal efficiencies ranged from 73 to 88% for organic loading up to 5.4gCODl(-1)d(-1). For higher organic loading (influent concentration of 2000mgCODl(-1) and 8-h cycle) the system presented total volatile acids accumulation, which reduced organics removal efficiency down to 55%. In this way, ASBBR with immobilized biomass was shown to be efficient for organic removal at organic loading rates of up to 5.4gCODl(-1)d(-1) and to be more stable to organic loading variations for 12-h cycles. This reactor might be an alternative to intermittent systems as it possesses greater operational flexibility. It might also be an alternative to batch systems suspended with microorganisms since it eliminates both the uncertainties regarding granulation and the time necessary for biomass sedimentation, hence reducing the total cycle period. 相似文献
449.
Langeveld JW Verhagen A Neeteson JJ van Keulen H Conijn JG Schils RL Oenema J 《Journal of environmental management》2007,82(3):363-376
Intensive agriculture, characterized by high inputs, has serious implications on the environment. Monitoring and evaluation of projects aiming at designing, testing and applying more sustainable practices require instruments to asses agronomic as well as environmental performance. Guidelines for Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) or Good Farming Practice (GFP) define sustainable practices but give limited insight into their environmental performance. Agri-environmental indicators (AEIs) provide information on environmental as well as agronomic performance, which allows them to serve as analytical instruments in research and provide thresholds for legislation purposes. Effective AEIs are quantifiable and scientifically sound, relevant, acceptable to target groups, easy to interpret and cost-effective. This paper discusses application of four AEIs for nitrogen (N) management in three Dutch research projects: 'De Marke', 'Cows and Opportunities' and 'Farming with a future'. 'De Marke' applied Nitrogen Surplus and Groundwater Nitrate Concentration in the design and testing of environmentally sound dairy systems. 'Cows and Opportunities', testing and disseminating dairy systems designed at 'De Marke', mainly applied Nitrogen Surplus, while 'Farming with a future' used Nitrogen Surplus, Groundwater Nitrate Concentration and Residual Mineral Soil Nitrogen to support arable farmers in complying with Dutch legislation (MINAS). Nitrogen Surplus is quantifiable, appealing and easy to interpret, but lacks scientific soundness or a good relationship with groundwater quality. Nitrogen Use Efficiency is sensitive to changes in management, while Residual Mineral Soil Nitrogen is appealing and cheap, but has difficulties in scaling. Groundwater Nitrate Concentration lacks clear rules for sampling, is labor consuming, expensive and mainly used in combination with other indicators. AEIs enhanced improvements in N management by facilitating (i) definition of project goals, (ii) design of desired systems, (iii) evaluation of applied systems and (iv) improving effective communication. AEI applications in other countries show a similar pattern as found in The Netherlands. Limitations to AEI application relate to inconsistencies between different indicators, heterogeneity of soil characteristics and linkages of N, carbon and water management. AEIs should be applied in an integrated evaluation, at a scale that reflects the farm's spatial variability. Simple AEIs like Nitrogen Surplus should be supported by other indicators and/or model calculations. The paper concludes that AEIs proved their value in design, implementation and testing of farming systems, but they should be used with care, always keeping in mind that indicators are simplifications of complex and variable processes. 相似文献
450.
The Ethics of Constrained Choice: How the Industrialization of Agriculture Impacts Farming and Farmer Behavior 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mary?K.?HendricksonEmail author Harvey?S.?James 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2005,18(3):269-291
The industrialization of agriculture not only alters the ways in which agricultural production occurs, but it also impacts the decisions farmers make in important ways. First, constraints created by the economic environment of farming limit what options a farmer has available to him. Second, because of the industrialization of agriculture and the resulting economic pressures it creates for farmers, the fact that decisions are constrained creates new ethical challenges for farmers. Having fewer options when faced with severe economic pressures is a very different situation for farmers than having many options available. We discuss the implications of constrained choice and show that it increases the likelihood that farmers will consider unethical behavior. 相似文献