常州市冬季大气污染特征及潜在源区分析

为了解常州市冬季大气污染特征,对2013—2015年常州市冬季PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO数据进行分析,并结合HYSPLIT 4.9模式研究不同气团来源对常州市各污染物浓度的影响及潜在污染源区分布特征.结果表明,常州市冬季以PM_2.5污染为主,其占冬季首要污染物的90%以上,冬季PM_2.5小时浓度对应的空气质量级别以良和轻度污染出现频次最多,冬季的ρ（PM_2.5）对ρ（PM_2.5）年均值的贡献率高达37.4%,不完全燃烧是颗粒物的一个重要来源.冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的日变化均呈双峰分布,两个峰值分别出现在交通的早高峰和晚高峰附近.ρ（NO₂）在晚高峰明显大于早高峰,而ρ（SO₂）和ρ（CO）表现为早高峰大于晚高峰.常州市CO/NO_x和SO₂/NO_x的分析结果表明,常州市交通源的贡献明显,点源对常州市的空气质量的影响也较大.1和6 h的ρ（PM_2.5）梯度变化可判识细颗粒物的爆发性增长.冬季常州市受到西北、西和西南等地区的大陆性气流影响较大,其对应的ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）平均值相对较高,且对应的污染轨迹出现概率较大.偏东方向的气流由于移动速度慢,不利于污染物扩散易造成污染累积,导致ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（SO₂）和ρ（NO₂）相对较高.WPSCF（源区分布概率）高值区（>0.5）集中于从芜湖至上海的长江中下游区域和杭州湾区域.PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO潜在源区存在较大差异性,NO₂、SO₂和CO本地化的潜在贡献较PM_2.5和PM₁₀更明显.此外,受船舶等影响海洋源区对NO₂、SO₂和CO的潜在贡献较大.研究显示,长三角区域的大气污染物以本地污染为主,但远距离污染输送贡献也不容忽视.      

河北省涞水县大气颗粒物单颗粒分析表征及来源识别

为了解河北省涞水县颗粒物污染特征,采用单颗粒分析技术扫描电镜-X射线能谱法和气团后向轨迹分析技术对该县2015年3个典型污染时段〔即正常管控、严格管控（2015年阅兵期间）及发生严重颗粒物染污〕采集的7个大气颗粒物样品进行了分析表征和来源解析.共测量了1 506个粒径≥0.5 μm的单颗粒,其中粒径小于2.5 μm的颗粒占98%以上,测量结果揭示了细颗粒污染特征.结果表明:①碳质颗粒为主要颗粒物种类,其检出数目占比在90%以上.②非供暖期严格管控时段,当地居民日常生活产生的球形碳质颗粒检出数目占比最高.③非供暖期正常管控时段,机动车排放的碳质集合体颗粒检出数目占比最高,交通污染贡献最大.④供暖期球形碳质颗粒检出数目占比最高,含硫颗粒检出数目占比相对增加,燃煤的贡献最大.3个采样时段48 h气团后向轨迹分析结果表明,在空气质量良好、颗粒物污染水平较低的情况下,影响研究区域空气质量的主要是本地源;雾霾天气（处于严重颗粒物污染时段）时,西南方向外来源和本地源共同构成研究区域的颗粒物污染状态.      

基于卫星遥感的海南地区对流层NO2长期变化及成因分析

利用OMI卫星反演的较高分辨率(0.125°×0.125°)对流层NO_2(Tro NO_2)柱浓度数据,分析了近12年海南岛TroNO_2柱浓度的时空变化,同时,结合MODIS卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料、海口市空气质量指数(AQI)、GDP、SO_2排放总量,以及民用汽车保有量等探究其长期变化与成因.结果表明:海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度空间分布表现为北半部高于南半部、四周沿海高于中部山区的特征,其中,北部地区最大值可达20×1014molec·cm~(-2)以上.近12年来海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度表现为上升的变化趋势.季节变化表现为冬季高于夏季,夏季浓度偏低和雨水的冲刷作用有关,而冬季偏高与旅游过冬人口增多和外源输送作用有密切联系.四季TroNO_2柱浓度均有不同程度的上升,而且季节差异在2010年以后有增大的趋势.海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度分布与岛上经济水平和人口分布关系密切,海南地区民用机动车拥有量近10年呈现快速的增加趋势,机动车尾气NO_2排放也不容忽视.     

重庆市冬季PM_(2.5)及气态污染物的分布特征与来源

利用重庆市大气污染物监测站2013年冬季(2013年11月—2014年1月)的实测数据,分析PM2.5及相关气态污染物(SO2、NO2、O3)的时空特征,并采用轨迹聚类与PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)分析污染物来源.结果表明:除ρ(O3)以外,其他3种污染物质量浓度的月际变化趋势基本一致,均呈12月升高、1月降低的特征;污染物空间分布不均,其中ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(NO2)在工业区和人口密集区较高,ρ(SO2)南高北低,ρ(O3)城区低于郊区.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)均呈显著正相关,其中ρ(SO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的R(相关系数)在城、郊区分别为0.71、0.65,ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)在城、效区的R分别为0.73、0.56;而ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)未表现出显著相关.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性高低可在一定程度上说明二次气溶胶的污染程度,ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性受到PM2.5来源和污染程度的影响.轨迹分析结果显示,重庆市2013年冬季主要受东北方向气流影响;聚类分析表明,重庆市11月没有表现出明显的PM2.5外来输送特征,但12月和1月的PM2.5外来输送特征明显,并且不同方向的气流污染物浓度差异也较大.PSCF分析发现,重庆市冬季PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3主要来源于本地和周围城市局地传输,同时还受南宁、贵阳、遵义、达州等地的影响.     

中国南海大气降水化学特征

利用中国科学院南海海洋研究所"实验3"号船南海海洋断面科学考察2012年夏季航次进行大气降水采样,测定样品pH值和主要阴阳离子浓度,结合TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹,分析南海夏季大气降水离子化学特征及来源.结果表明,夏季降水pH平均值为6.3,最小值为5.6.阴阳离子浓度顺序均分别表现为Cl->SO2-4>NO-3和Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+,Cl-和Na+是主要的阴离子和阳离子,浓度平均值分别为2 637.5μeq·L-1和2 095.5μeq·L-1,表现出了海洋性大气降水的特征.7种离子间均表现出良好的线性相关关系,相关系数在0.9以上,说明它们可能具有统一来源;NO-3与其他离子的相关系数相对较低,可能NO-3具有相对复杂的来源;Ca2+和K+还可能跟南海珊瑚环境有关.本研究的6个站位后向轨迹显示,水汽气团来源于正南或西南方向,未经过大陆上空,因此本研究中南海夏季大气降水的离子来源受人为影响可以忽略.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Intra‐individual variability in job complexity over time: Examining the effect of job complexity trajectory on employee job strain

Drawing on gestalt characteristics theory, we advance the literature on the effect of job complexity on employee well‐being by considering intra‐individual variability of job complexity over time. Specifically, we examine how the trend, or trajectory, of job complexity over time can explain unique variance of employee job strain. Across two longitudinal data sets, we consistently find that, with the average level of job complexity during a given period held constant, a positive job complexity trajectory (i.e., an increasing trend in complexity) is associated with higher employee job strain. Based on job‐demand‐control theory and the exposure‐reactivity model, we further establish that job autonomy and employee emotional stability jointly moderate the relationship between job complexity trajectory and employee job strain. Specifically, for employees with high emotional stability, job autonomy mitigates the job strain brought by positive job complexity trajectory, whereas for employees with low emotional stability, job autonomy does not help to reduce the adverse effect of the increasing trend. These findings not only contribute to extend the understanding of the job complexity – strain relationship, but also suggest a promising, dynamic avenue to study the effects of work characteristics on employee well‐being as well as other outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and Case Study of Duststorms in the Beijing Area

Dust weather conditions with strong wind often occur in Beijing during spring. The number of duststorms in Beijing has declined since 1954. In the last two years, however, the number of duststorms in Beijing has increased drastically due to frequent cold air movements and the deteriorated ecological environment. The heaviest duststorm in the last decade in Beijing occurred on 6 April 2000. It was caused by the development of a high-level small trough along with strong northwest wind behind a large trough that moved eastward and developed a strong cold air system. A non-hydrostatic meso-scale numerical model (MM5) gave a good forecast to the duststorm's major features and movement. Simulated results showed that there was a strong vertical ascending motion with a strong positive vorticity center in mid and low level. The mesoscale structure's formation and development and movement were consistent with the passage and moving direction of the duststorm. At the same time, the trajectories of air particles during this duststorm event and another case (on 27 March 2000) were estimated and analyzed, which had the comparable results with the real situation and the trajectory monitored by meteorological satellite. The trajectories analysis could help us study the transport track and sand source to some extent.     

Dominance in feeding territories relates to foraging success and offspring growth in brown skuas <Emphasis Type="Italic">Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi</Emphasis>

Territoriality should lead to strict dominance, as territory holders typically control access to resources and exclude others from their use. In feeding territories, dominance should be reflected in foraging success and ultimately in reproduction differences; however, these successive links have rarely been made explicit. Therefore, we investigated a population of brown skuas Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi, in which only part of the breeding population occupied feeding territories within penguin colonies. We identified the dominance hierarchy and determined the foraging success of the participants in fights for access to penguin carcasses within the territories. Furthermore, we monitored offspring growth from parents with and without feeding territories. Our results indicated a clear dominance hierarchy with territorial birds in their own territory dominating over territorial breeders from other territories, non-territorial breeders and non-breeding birds. However, territory owners could not completely exclude others from access to food. Foraging success was positively related to dominance scores: The dominant territory owners received 63% of a carcass, whereas non-territorial pairs could get less than 10%. The link between foraging success and offspring development was less clear: Although male chicks of non-territorial parents suffered from lower growth rates and, thus, delayed fledging, there were no such differences in female chicks. Territoriality in skuas did not imply a complete occupation of food, but guaranteed optimal growth conditions for offspring. Non-territorial individuals were forced to search for alternative resources, and the restricted access to the preferred food resulted in inferior conditions for offspring development, making this foraging strategy less rewarding.     

颗粒轨道模型用于烟气脱硫喷淋塔两相流数值模拟

以FLUENT软件为计算工具,采用Euler-Lagrange方法模拟喷淋塔内部气液两相流动.气相用标准k-ε湍流模型描述,喷淋液滴用颗粒轨道模型描述.综合考虑颗粒受力分析、颗粒湍流扩散以及气液两相耦合3方面影响因素对颗粒轨道模型进行设置,从液滴粒径分布、液滴出口速度、喷淋夹角3个方面对喷嘴射流源进行精确定义.模拟结果表明:喷淋塔内轴向气速分布均匀;中空锥形的喷嘴设计使喷淋液形成伞状雨帘,有效防止烟气短流;塔内液滴浓度分布存在中间高、边缘低的问题,可通过改进喷嘴布置方案加以改进;颗粒轨道模型能够较好地预测喷淋塔内两相流动.