多目标灰色关联度决策模型分析

本文针对多目标决策的复杂性,运用灰色系统分析方法和物元分析理论,建立了决策方案的评价体系并对评价指标进行规范化处理。以决策方案的灰色关联度作为评判准则,建立了一种目标灰色关联度决策模型。     

除湿机的冷凝水化学成分与空气环境质量的关系

本文采用家用除湿机作为空气水溶性物质采样器方法，并验证了该方法作为空气水溶性物质采样嚣的可行性。本文通过空气冷凝水化学成分与空气总悬浮微粒(TSP)可溶性化学成分的对比，得到水汽中大部分阴阳离子的含量只比TSP低1个数量级，而水汽中的微量元素含量与各种碳的浓度不都比TSP低，TSP中一般检测不出亚硝酸根，而水汽中则检出大量亚硝酸根。     

An overview of the methods used in the characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in relation to drinking water treatment

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. During recent decades, reports worldwide show a continuing increase in the color and NOM of the surface water, which has an adverse affect on drinking water purification. For several practical and hygienic reasons, the presence of NOM is undesirable in drinking water. Various technologies have been proposed for NOM removal with varying degrees of success. The properties and amount of NOM, however, can significantly affect the process efficiency. In order to improve and optimise these processes, the characterisation and quantification of NOM at different purification and treatment processes stages is important. It is also important to be able to understand and predict the reactivity of NOM or its fractions in different steps of the treatment. Methods used in the characterisation of NOM include resin adsorption, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The amount of NOM in water has been predicted with parameters including UV-Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), and specific UV-absorbance (SUVA). Recently, methods by which NOM structures can be more precisely determined have been developed; pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), multidimensional NMR techniques, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The present review focuses on the methods used for characterisation and quantification of NOM in relation to drinking water treatment.     

Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic compounds to four surface soils of eastern China

Improved predictions on the fate of organic pollutants in surface environments require a better understanding of the underlying sorption mechanisms that control their uptake by soils. In this study, we monitored sorption of nine aromatic compounds with varying physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electron-donor/acceptor ability and polarity), including two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, two chlorobenzenes, two nitroaromatic compounds, dichlobenil, carbaryl and 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous suspension of four surface soils of eastern China. The tested soils were characterized with respect to organic carbon (OC) content, black carbon content, mineralogy, morphology and size fraction to assess the role of the diverse soil characteristics in sorption. The results of this study show that not only the solute hydrophobicity and the OC content of soil are important to the retention of organic pollutants, but also the solute molecular structure and the soil nature.     

可吸入颗粒物对我市环境空气质量的影响及对策建议

近年来,随着城市化建设进程的加速和环境保护工作的深入开展,城市环境空气质量的污染类型已由SO2与PMIO混合型污染,逐步转变为以扬尘为主要污染物的可吸入颗粒物污染,通过对我市市区空气质量状况、可吸入颗粒物污染成因分析,提出控制或削减可吸入颗粒物污染的对策建议。     

烟囱颗粒污染物连续监测技术

介绍了一种烟囱颗粒物排放的实时监测装置。该装置基于光散射理论 ,使用一个半导体激光器件作为光源 ,用 4个光电元件分别测定入射光强、从测量区出射的光强及前向两个立体角的散射光能 ,使用一台微机对接收信号进行处理 ,能够实时地给出烟囱排放源的排放浓度及粒径分布。     

黄河三角洲碱蓬湿地土壤有机碳及其组分分布特征

应用物理分组方法研究了黄河三角洲典型碱蓬湿地土壤有机碳及其组分分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤重组有机碳是土壤有机碳的主要组成部分,土壤重组有机碳含量、土壤颗粒有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量都显著正相关.研究区土壤轻组组分比例和含量范围分别在0.008%～0.15%和0.10～0.40 g·kg-1,颗粒有机碳分配比例范围为8.83%～30.58%,说明黄河三角洲碱蓬湿地土壤有机碳中非保护性组分较低,碳库相对稳定.     

水溶性有机质对土壤及底泥中汞吸附行为的影响

以重庆市2种耕作土(黄壤和中性紫色土)及鱼塘底泥为试验材料,分别添加提取自腐殖土的DOM(DOMh),提取自稻草的DOM(DOM)和提取自污泥堆肥的DOM(DOMa),研究DOM对土壤及底泥中Hg的吸附行为的影响.结果表明.DOM对土壤及底泥中汞的吸附行为均有一定的抑制作用,这种抑制作用与DOM种类和试验材料的性质有关.添加不同来源的DOM,对Hg的抑制作用具体表现为:DOMh>DOMr>DOMa;添加同一种DOM时,对Hg吸附的抑制作用表现为鱼塘底泥>紫色土>黄壤.     

巢湖水体组分垂向分布特征及其对水下光场的影响

富营养化湖泊不同组分垂向分布及其对水下光场的影响是湖泊水环境遥感领域亟待开展的内容.利用巢湖野外实测数据,分析水体不同组分垂向分布特征,结合Hydrolight辐射传输模型模拟研究水体不同组分垂向分布对漫衰减系数Kd的影响.结果表明,巢湖水体悬浮物以及有色可溶性有机物CDOM垂向分布较为均一,水面未发生藻华现象时叶绿素a垂向分布符合高斯正态分布,漫衰减系数Kd受叶绿素a以及无机悬浮物的显著影响,其垂向变化复杂多样,以往以水体光学性质均一为前提计算得到的Kd仅仅表示其衰减的平均情况,不能精确反映水下光场的垂向变化,因此研究水体组分垂向分布特征及其对漫衰减系数Kd的影响是开展藻类垂向分布异质性对水下光场影响机制研究的前提和基础.     

苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附与解吸行为研究

采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了除草剂苯噻草胺在5种不同性质土壤中的吸附与解吸行为,并探讨了土壤有机质及溶液pH值对吸附的影响.结果表明,线性方程与Freundlich方程均能较好地拟合苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附等温线.计算得到苯噻草胺在5种土壤中的碳标化分配系数K_oc在849.5～1?818.8 L·kg^-1之间,说明土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附能力.苯噻草胺在土壤中的分配系数K_d、Freundlich常数K_f以及K_f(1/n)与土壤有机质含量均呈显著正相关.通过过氧化氢去除有机质后,土壤对苯噻草胺的吸附大大降低,说明土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺在土壤中吸附的主要因素.对于同种土壤而言,苯噻草胺的吸附量随pH值的增大而减小.解吸实验表明,苯噻草胺在土壤中的解吸过程具有一定的滞后性,推测其在土壤中的迁移能力较差.