A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR OPTIMIZING CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION OF DESALTING PLANTS1

ABSTRACT .Desalting plants can provide a means of firming up erratic natural supplies when properly operated in conjunction with existing water supply reservoir systems. Since the natural inflow is variable, the choice of when to run the desalting plant is difficult. If the plant is turned on too late, a shortage may result; or if the plant runs too long, costly water may be wasted. A computer program is described that can help water planners find an optimal operating rule, i.e., a policy that tells when to turn the plant on and off to meet a given demand. Criteria for defining the firm water yield of the system (with and without desalting) are first defined. The logic of the program is then described. The program, written in FORTRAN IV, successively simulates operation of the given size reservoir-desalting plant system under control of various operating rules and selects the optimal rule as the one which produces the required firm water yield at the least unit cost. The optimal plant size and the staging of construction can also be studied by making a series of computations. Applications of the Operating Rule Program to water systems in California, Utah and New York are described. The studies show that, compared with base load operation, substantial savings are possible if optimum intermittent conjunctive operation of the desalting plant is followed.     

A LUMPED APPROACH TO THE INVERSE PROBLEM IN GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A solution procedure to solve the inverse problem in ground water, based on lumped approach, has been proposed. The method has the following advantages: 1) exact determination of the boundary conditions and the physical laws of flow through porous media is not required; 2) all errors of approximation in describing the boundary conditions, physical laws, and the aquifer properties are lumped into the surrogate parameters; and 3) the same mathematical model can be employed both in the identification process and in the subsequent management studies. The optimal values of the surrogate parameters are found by using a multidimensional unconstrained optimization code devised by Powell. The solution procedure and the convergence characteristics of the proposed algorithm have been illustrated by two hypothetical problems.     

基于资源环境承载力的规划结构优化方法探讨

规划结构合理性以及规划结构优化是规划环境影响评价关注的核心问题之一。文章以某煤电、煤化工基地规划环评为例,探讨了以区域资源、环境承载力为约束条件,以经济效益最大化为规划目标,采用线性规划法优化煤电、煤化工基地规划结构的过程。线性规划模型以煤电、煤化工产品的规模作为变量;资源、环境约束条件包括水资源消耗量、煤炭资源消耗量、蒸汽消耗量、电能消耗量、SO2排放量和CO2排放量。通过线性规划模型对煤电、煤化工产品的规模进行优化,在增加煤电、煤化工基地的经济效益的同时,减小了区域资源消耗和污染物排放水平。     

气水冲洗滤池的设计优化

气水冲洗滤池是目前广泛使用的滤池池型。由于气水冲洗滤池的配水配气系统较常规滤复杂,且在我国推广应用的时间不长,因此在设计过程中有一些细节因素容易被忽略,部分水厂的实际运行效果并不理想。结合工程实例,对如何优化滤池的设计进行了详细地阐述与剖析。     

西部小城镇生活垃圾处理方案的优选

根据中国西部小城镇生活垃圾的特点,以选择经济适用的处理方案为目标层,构建层次结构模型,显示出层次分析法（AHP）作为一种系统工程的理论工具在环境领域里具有一定的客观性、准确性和有效性,是一种简易而且可行的理论方法和手段。其中以西部有代表性的小城镇生活垃圾为例进行了探讨,对焚烧、卫生填埋和堆肥三种处理方案进行综合比较分析,探讨出了与当前该地相适应的城市生活垃圾处理模式,并对其发展前景进行了预测和分析。     

污水处理厂污泥处理系统集成

概述了污泥处理系统的单元操作方案,对污泥处理单元操作进行了系统集成模型的研究。结合各方案之间的匹配关系,针对环境影响、投资、占地面积、运行维护费用等方面的实际限制因素,建立了系统的工艺集成和优化选择模型;对污泥处理系统的装备集成和信息集成进行了阐述;对系统工艺集成优化模型进行了应用示范。     

现代物流业影响油库安全、健康和环境分析

从调研销售企业油库现状角度分析现代物流业对油库安全、健康、环境的影响,指出现代销售物流业不但具有特殊的企业组织与产业关联效应,而且物流业优化方案的调整及物流运行机制的改变,将最大化地利用油库资源,加大了油库输转量,为销售企业的可持续化发展提供基础和保障。     

几种农业有机废弃物沼气发酵工艺条件优化研究

以农业有机废弃物鲜猪粪、干稻草、青草、南瓜叶以及菜叶为原料,沼气产量和甲烷产量为指标,采用4因素3水平的正交实验设计方法对沼气发酵工艺参数优化配置进行了实验研究。结果表明反应器内原料碳氮比、原料固体浓度、反应环境温度以及投加微量元素对沼气发酵均有不同程度的影响,其中反应环境温度对沼气产量的影响显著。最优工艺条件为原料碳氮比25:1、固体浓度8%、温度35℃、投加微量元素Co。     

准好氧填埋渗滤液水质与COD降解拟合研究

在成都市长安垃圾填埋场内开展了规模为10m×10m×5m的准好氧填埋实验,分别对渗滤液pH值、COD和NH4+-N进行了研究,结果表明:渗滤液COD经过697d后从最初的65324mg/L降低到2013mg/L,下降96.92%;由于渗滤液收集管直径较小,进入垃圾体的氧气量受到限制,所以NH4+-N的降解效果较差。通过Excel和Lingo软件对渗滤液COD的降解趋势进行拟合,结果表明Lingo拟合的效果更佳。