危险品事故泄漏模糊路网应急资源优化研究

当危险品大规模泄漏事故发生后,应急物资快速配送对于减轻危险品对人员伤害和挽救损失有重要意义。首先从损毁路网修复和救援物资2个方面建立双层模型,从有限物资分配修复损毁路网和救援上进行优化分配,并通过路径优化时间最短分配物资,使应急救援系统的损失最小化。利用宽容分层的方法对模型进行求解,求解最优的物资分配和运输路径方案。最后利用算例,对模型和算法进行检验,找出需要修复受损路网中关键路段。     

滑坡治理方案客观自主式智能优化求解算法

为合理评价并优选滑坡治理方案,采用位置加权向量规划模型和蛙跳算法,研究滑坡治理方案客观自主式智能优化求解算法。使用该方法时,首先确定评价指标的绝对优势度和相对优势度,以此为诱导分量,按照IOWA算子的思想将各评价对象的评价指标重新排序;然后,利用蛙跳算法优化求解评价指标的位置加权向量和评价值向量;最后,对评价值矩阵进行集结,通过向量夹角和最小法求得各评价对象的最优评价值向量。实例计算和对比分析结果表明,该方法与其他优选理论计算结果一致。     

应急救援多目标时限指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣,对应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援物资消耗、最佳救援时间等因素进行分析。突出应急救援的时效性和救援目标的多属性特征,提出在保证应急救援最短时限的前提下,以应急救援效率最大化、物资消耗最小化为优化目标,构建最短时限应急救援多目标指派模型。采用线性加权和法将多目标化为单目标决策问题,运用两阶段法对模型进行求解。数值计算结果表明:最短时限的引入能有效实现应急救援队伍合理、公平派遣。     

Nonlinear molecular based modeling of the flash point for application in inherently safer design

New chemical process design strategies utilizing computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) can provide significant improvements in process safety by designing chemicals with required target properties and the substitution of safer chemicals. An important aspect of this methodology concerns the prediction of properties given the molecular structure. This study utilizes one such emerging method for prediction of a hazardous property, flash point (FP), which is in the center of attention in safety studies. Using such a reliable data set comprising 1651 organic and inorganic chemicals, from 79 diverse material classes, and robust dynamic binary particle swarm optimization for the feature selection step resulted in the most efficient molecular features of the FP investigations. Apart from the simple yet precise five-parameter multivariate model, the FP nonlinear behavior was thoroughly investigated by a novel hybrid of particle swarm optimization and support vector regression. Besides, 195 missing experimental FPs of the DIPPR data set are predicted via the presented procedure.     

印染废水优化回用可行性研究

实地调查典型印染企业用水排水情况和废水回用情况,并对企业各工序废水取样监测分析,根据分析结果优化设计各种废水的回用方案,通过对方案的技术和经济可行性分析,最后得出了优化回用方案的技术和经济可行性分析结果。     

Modeling methods for managing raw material compositional uncertainty in alloy production

Operational uncertainties create disincentives for use of recycled materials in metal alloy production. One that greatly influences remelter batch optimization is variation in the raw material composition, particularly for secondary materials. Currently, to accommodate compositional variation, firms commonly set production targets well inside the window of compositional specification required for performance reasons. Window narrowing, while effective, does not make use of statistical sampling data, leading to sub-optimal usage of recycled materials. This paper explores the use of a chance-constrained optimization method, which allows explicit consideration of statistical information on composition. The framework and a case study of cast and wrought production with available scrap materials are presented. Results show that it is possible to increase the use of recycled material without compromising the likelihood of batch errors, when using this method compared to conventional window narrowing. This benefit of the chance-constrained method grows with increase in compositional uncertainty and is driven by scrap portfolio diversification.     

The costs of avoiding environmental impacts from shale‐gas surface infrastructure

Growing energy demand has increased the need to manage conflicts between energy production and the environment. As an example, shale‐gas extraction requires substantial surface infrastructure, which fragments habitats, erodes soils, degrades freshwater systems, and displaces rare species. Strategic planning of shale‐gas infrastructure can reduce trade‐offs between economic and environmental objectives, but the specific nature of these trade‐offs is not known. We estimated the cost of avoiding impacts from land‐use change on forests, wetlands, rare species, and streams from shale‐energy development within leaseholds. We created software for optimally siting shale‐gas surface infrastructure to minimize its environmental impacts at reasonable construction cost. We visually assessed sites before infrastructure optimization to test whether such inspection could be used to predict whether impacts could be avoided at the site. On average, up to 38% of aggregate environmental impacts of infrastructure could be avoided for 20% greater development costs by spatially optimizing infrastructure. However, we found trade‐offs between environmental impacts and costs among sites. In visual inspections, we often distinguished between sites that could be developed to avoid impacts at relatively low cost (29%) and those that could not (20%). Reductions in a metric of aggregate environmental impact could be largely attributed to potential displacement of rare species, sedimentation, and forest fragmentation. Planners and regulators can estimate and use heterogeneous trade‐offs among development sites to create industry‐wide improvements in environmental performance and do so at reasonable costs by, for example, leveraging low‐cost avoidance of impacts at some sites to offset others. This could require substantial effort, but the results and software we provide can facilitate the process.     

基于FLUENT的掘进机外喷雾降尘系统相似参数的探讨

以某型纵轴式掘进机的喷雾系统为工程对象,研究系统的关键技术参数,运用量纲分析法推导出系统的相似准则得到相似比关系构建相似优化数学模型,利用Pro/E、GAMBIT工具箱、FLUENT进行建模、系统网格划分及仿真至迭代收敛,得到相似优化设计前后喷雾系统的相关实验数据与图形,最后在Tecplot中实现数据的后处理。通过仿真分析,验证了基于相似参数优化设计的喷雾系统模型的可行性,为掘进机喷雾系统的参数优化提供了一个新的思路和方法。     

城市污水二级处理出水中沙门氏菌的PCR检测

建立了一种利用PCR检测城市污水二级处理出水中沙门氏菌的方法.采用膜吸附-洗脱法浓缩二级出水水样中的沙门氏菌,通过选用一对涵盖性和特异性均较强的引物139和141,对浓缩后的沙门氏菌进行PCR检测.利用正交试验法,对沙门氏菌PCR体系进行五因素四水平的试验,建立了沙门氏菌PCR的最佳体系.通过梯度PCR考察了退火温度对检测结果的影响,选择65℃作为退火温度,优化后沙门氏菌PCR体系的检测灵敏度可达0.314ngL.通过对已知细菌浓度的水样进行检测,确定了该法检测水样中沙门氏菌的灵敏度为2130CFUL.与传统MPN法的相比,该法在检测效果和检测效率上都优于MPN法.     

A TEST OF ALTERNATIVES FOR MEETING PUBLIC POTABLE WATER REQUIREMENTS1

ABSTRACT The relative economic costs of meeting projected public potable water demands through increasing the supply, controlling the demand, and increasing the capacity for interagency water transfers are explored. These alternatives and combinations are evaluated with the aid of a linear programming model in northeastern New Jersey, a major metropolitan region of over 4.5 million people, for the years 1975 to 2000. After more than 30 model tests it was found that a combination of increased interagency transfers and added water supplies was the least expensive solution.