Comparisons of Measured and Modelled Ozone Deposition to Forests in Northern Europe

The performance of a new dry deposition module, developedfor the European-scale mapping and modelling of ozone flux to vegetation, was tested against micrometeorological ozone and water vapour flux measurements. The measurement data are for twoconiferous (Scots pine in Finland, Norway spruce in Denmark) and one deciduous forest (mountain birch in Finland). On average, themodel performs well for the Scots pine forest, if local inputdata are used. The daytime deposition rates are somewhat over-predicted at the Danish site, especially in the afternoon. The mountain birch data indicate that the generic parameterisationof stomatal responses is not very representative of this northernspecies. The module was also tested by using modelled meteorological data that constitute the input for a photochemical transport model.     

鄱阳湖流域典型树种夏季气孔导度模型及影

植物气孔是调控土壤-植被-大气连续体间物质和能量交换的关键环节,其变化对植物蒸腾作用有着重要的影响,进而对环境湿度和温度等起着重要的调节作用. 基于鄱阳湖流域5种典型树种叶片气体交换观测数据,对14种组合的气孔导度模型〔Jarvis模型12种,Ball-Berry-Leuning(BBL)模型2种〕的参数进行了拟合,筛选出5种典型树种夏季最优气孔导度模型;结合多元逐步回归技术,分析了大气温度(T_a)、叶片与空气间饱和水汽压差(D_e)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气CO₂浓度(C_a)4种环境因子对气孔导度的影响. 结果表明:杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的最优模型均为BBL-B2模型;沉水樟(Cinnamomum micranthum)的最优模型为BBL-B1模型;柑桔(Citrus reticulata)的最优模型为Jarvis-J12模型;饱和水汽压差(D_e)为影响鄱阳湖流域5种典型树种夏季气孔导度的最敏感因素.      

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.