用于流化床反应器的生物膜载体的比较研究

分别采用活性炭、橡胶和轻质陶粒作为生物膜载体,用流化床生物反应器进行废水处理的实验,比较3种载体材料的挂膜特性、耐磨性,并比较了对废水COD和NH3-N的去除效果。从实验中发现,活性炭具有吸附力强、比重小、挂膜时间比较短等特点,但耐磨性较差;橡胶载体具有比重较小,动力消耗较小的特点,但生物膜挂膜时间较长;陶粒比重适中,较其它两者偏大,挂膜时间最短,耐磨性能比活性炭要好,具有较强的实用价值和很大的研究潜力。     

燕山石化地区NMHC的特征研究

本文采用气相色谱－质谱联用方法，对燕山石化地区不同生产区域的大气样品，定量地进行非甲烷碳氢化合物（ＮＭＨＣ）的分类测定。本方法可以鉴定Ｃ２－Ｃ１１共六十多个色谱峰。实验表明，燕山石化地区烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃等各类碳氢化合物均具有较高浓度，是对ＮＭＨＣ有重要贡献的一个工业源。本文还参照各大气样品的不同来源，分析了ＮＭＨＣ的排放特征，从而确定了燕山石化区ＮＭＨＣ排放的典型物种。     

黄土丘陵区土壤水分空间分布差异性探讨

在对黄土丘陵区典型区域多点土壤水分调查数据的分析的基础上,系统总结了研究区土壤水分分布的区域性和地块性差异特征及其发生分异的主要因子。文章认为,降水格局是土壤水分具有南、北向逐渐增加的区域分布特征的主导因子。热量、地貌、植被等的不同组合使得土壤水分发生地块尺度的分异。地域尺度土壤水分表现为南部好于中部,中部好于北部。在地块尺度内,则由于地貌、植被、土地类型等因素,土壤水分一般表现为:坡下部>坡中部>坡上部;阴坡>半阴-半阳坡>阳坡;隔坡梯田好于梯田;植被不同会造成土壤水分利用型差异。由于影响土壤水分的因素之间存在复杂的关系,其分布的差异性随季节、土壤层深度等不同而在表现程度上具有差异性。这一研究对黄土丘陵区植被恢复中合理利用土壤水资源具有十分重要意义。     

伊宁市大气环境污染特征及治理措施分析

文章介绍了伊宁市大气环境污染特征，通过对伊宁市多年（2001—2004年）来大气污染物的监测数据进行分析，摸清了伊宁市空气污染状况，主要污染类型为煤烟型，污染物为TSP、NO2、SO2。提出了大气污染治理的措施及建议，为了解和掌握伊宁市大气环境质量做了有益的探索研究。     

长江中游现代河流沉积物磁组构参数值特征研究

对长江中游簿洲湾一带不同类型河段(平直和弯曲)、不同水文环境(高滩、低滩、心滩)沉积物磁组构参数特征的系统取样、测量和统计分析结果表明：1)平直河段沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数的K、P、F、Fs、T以及E的统计平均值均比弯曲河段处相应磁组构参数值略偏大。而q、L的统计平均值却比弯曲河段河流沉积物的相应磁组构值略偏小；2)平直河段各向异性量值椭球长轴磁偏角方向明显，其与水流作用方向具有很好的一致性。而在弯曲河段各向异性量值椭球长轴磁偏角的方向分散，反映了在弯曲河段处水流具有方向多变的特点；3)从河流高滩、低滩到心滩沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数P、F、Fs、T、E的统计平均值均具有从小逐渐变大，而磁基质颗粒度q、磁线理L却从大逐渐变小的变化趋势。这一特点与溃口、高水位时沉积环境不稳定，水流方向多变的、沉积物分选性差的特点是一致的。研究结果对研究古河道的演化、变迁、古河道的识别确定具有重要的意义。     

紫贻贝消化腺淀粉酶的提取及部分性质研究

以紫贻贝为原料,从其消化腺中提取淀粉酶,确定其最佳提取条件,并探讨其部分酶学性质。采用缓冲液提取法,通过单因素试验考察提取温度、提取溶剂的pH和提取时间三个因素对紫贻贝消化腺中淀粉酶活性的影响。用平行对照试验来研究该酶的最适催化温度以及各种离子对其活性的影响。结果表明,该酶的最佳提取条件为温度20℃、pH值3.0-4.0、提取时间45min;最适反应温度为35℃,EDTA、Mg2+、Zn2+对该酶有抑制作用,而Ca2+、Mn2+对该酶有促进作用。     

Humic Acids from Endemic Arsenicosis Areas in Inner Mongolia and from the Blackfoot-Disease Areas in Taiwan: A Comparative Study

The physical and chemical properties of humic acids (HA) extracted from drinking waters from the endemic arsenicosis areas in Inner Mongolia and from the Blackfoot disease (BD) areas in Taiwan are studied by using AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectrometry), IR (Infrared spectroscopy), FR (fluorescence spectrometry) and TLS (total luminescence spectroscopy) in order to shed light on the pathogenesis of BD with the concern as to whether the disease may eventually occur in arsenicosis-affected areas in the Mainland of China. Ames test and lipid peroxidation experiments were also conducted on these HA samples. It is found that water samples from the two regions are high in arsenic (As) with strong fluorescence and apparent positive correlations between As content, fluorescence, pH and total dissolved solids (TDS). The water samples are similar in fluorescence spectra but differ somewhat in IR and TLS between the two regions. The difference may be a reflection of the difference in radicals and structure of the HA owing to different hydrogeological conditions, and may also be related to the difference in their biological effects, i.e., HA from Inner Mongolia have a stronger ability to cause lipid peroxidation while HA from Taiwan exhibits a more prominent effect of mutation with respect to TA98(±S9).     

硅烷化改性沸石对重金属离子的吸附性能

制得一种用于重金属废水处理的新型硅烷化改性沸石吸附剂,成本低、效果显著且稳定。通过对改性沸石表征,分析了改性对沸石结构的影响。结果表明,改性一定程度降低了原沸石的晶体特征,但基本上保持了其结构组成;硅烷化改性成功地在沸石上接枝了氨基。对硅烷化沸石的特性研究,得出硅烷化沸石对Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+吸附最佳投加量为1、1、1.6和0.6 g/L,且此时对4种离子的去除率也较好;吸附动力学研究得出,其吸附过程可用二级动力学方程较好地拟合;吸附达到平衡时,4种金属离子的平衡吸附量分别为11.23、17.41、15.45和59.42 mg/g;硅烷化沸石对金属离子的吸附行为更符合Langmuir模型,为化学吸附;在酸性条件下(pH=2～6),硅烷化沸石仍保持一定的吸附能力,具有一定的耐酸性。     

重金属离子在钠基膨润土中的吸附特征与机理

膨润土是一种天然粘土矿物,比表面积大、吸附能力强。通过钠基膨润土对复合重金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附实验研究,探讨了钠基膨润土对Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附特征。结果表明,钠基膨润土对Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附随离子浓度增加而增大。吸附具有选择性,Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附能力大小顺序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Cd2+。并通过XRD及IR等分析探讨了钠基膨润土的吸附机理主要表现为离子交换吸附。     

Residual congener pattern of dioxins in human breast milk in southern Vietnam

This study evaluated residual congener patterns of dioxin/furan (=PCDD/DF) related to tactical herbicides aerially sprayed over the regions of southern Vietnam through Operation Ranch Hand. The study focused on Cam Chinh (CC) commune, Quang Tri province (an area sprayed with tactical herbicides), and the Cam Phuc (CP) commune, Ha Tinh province (a non-sprayed area). Breast milk samples for analysis were collected in September 2002 and July 2003 from lactating primiparous and multiparous mothers born after the war (<31 years old). We found the levels of each congener in the CC commune were higher than in the CP commune, and determined specificity in the PCDD/DF congener pattern in CC commune samples by cluster analysis. The congener pattern is characterized by higher (the hexa-, the hepta-, and the octa-) chlorinated PCDD/DFs; this appears to be the same profile as that presented by pentachlorophenol (PCP), rather than 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acid (2,4,5-T) contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD. A GC/MS study in the 1970s detected the chlorophenols 2,4-di and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in some Agent Orange samples, which contained, like PCP, a wide variety of PCDD/DF congeners. In this context, it may be expected that certain tactical herbicides contaminated with various chlorophenol impurities, have a unique congener pattern when compared with pure 2,4,5-T formulations.