颗粒态重金属通过河流与大气向海洋输送

本文综述了河流与大气向海洋输送颗态重金属的过程、特点及输送通量、参考文献８３篇。     

云南省国际河流水质状况及其保护

介绍了云南省红河，澜沧江，怒江和伊洛瓦底江4大国际河流水系2000年的水质状况，对其1991－2000年的水质变化趋势及其主要污染因素进行了分析。据此提出了“十五”期间和以后较长一段时间内水环境治理的综合对策和措施。     

RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH PACIFIC NORTHWEST HEADWATER STREAMS: ASSEMBLAGES,PROCESSES, AND UNIQUENESS1

Riparian areas of large streams provide important habitat to many species and control many instream processes — but is the same true for the margins of small streams? This review considers riparian areas alongside small streams in forested, mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest and asks if there are fundamental ecological differences from larger streams and from other regions and if there are consequences for management from any differences. In the moist forests along many small streams of the Pacific Northwest, the contrast between the streamside and upslope forest is not as strong as that found in drier regions. Small streams typically lack floodplains, and the riparian area is often constrained by the hillslope. Nevertheless, riparian‐associated organisms, some unique to headwater areas, are found along small streams. Disturbance of hillslopes and stream channels and microclimatic effects of streams on the riparian area provide great heterogeneity in processes and diversity of habitats. The tight coupling of the terrestrial riparian area with the aquatic system results from the closed canopy and high edge‐to‐area ratio for small streams. Riparian areas of the temperate, conifer dominated forests of the Pacific Northwest provide a unique environment. Forest management guidelines for small streams vary widely, and there has been little evaluation of the local or downstream consequences of forest practices along small streams.     

ASSESSING SATELLITE‐BASED AND AIRCRAFT‐BASED THERMAL INFRARED REMOTE SENSING FOR MONITORING PACIFIC NORTHWEST RIVER TEMPERATURE1

One central issue affecting the health of native fish species in the Pacific Northwest is water temperature. In situ observation methods monitor point temperatures, while thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing captures spatial variations. Satellite‐based TIR sensors have the ability to view large regions in an instant. Four Pacific Northwest river reaches were selected to test the ability of both satellite‐based and moderate resolution aircraft‐based TIR remote sensing products to measure river temperatures. Images with resolutions of 5, 15, and 90 meters were compared with instream temperature observations to assess how along stream radiant temperatures are affected by resolution, reach width, and sensor platform. Where the stream reach can be resolved by the sensor, all sensors obtain water temperatures within ±2°C of instream observations. Along stream temperature variations of up to ±5°C were also observed. Trends were similar between two sets of TIR images taken several hours apart, indicating that the sensors are observing actual temperature patterns from the river surface. If sensor resolution is sufficient to obtain fully resolved water pixels in the river reach, accurate temperatures and spatial patterns can be observed. The current generation of satellite‐based TIR sensors is, however, only able to resolve about 6 percent of all Washington reaches listed as thermally impaired.     

ANALYSIS OF STREAMFLOW TRENDS AND THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1971 TO 20011

An understanding of temporal trends in total stream‐flow (TSF), base flow (BF), and storm runoff (RO) can help in the development of water management plans for watersheds and local communities. In this study, 47 streams across Pennsylvania that were unregulated and unaffected by karst environments or coal mining were studied for flow trends and their relationships to selected climate parameters for the period 1971 to 2001. LOWESS curves for annual flow showed that almost all of the selected streams in Pennsylvania had downward trends in total TSF, BF, and RO. Using a seasonal Mann‐Kendall analysis, downward trends were significant at an α= 0.05 level for 68, percent 70 percent, and 62 percent of the streams and at an α= 0.10 level for another 19, 17, and 13 percent of the streams for TSF, BF, and RO, respectively. The ratio of BF to TSF (RBS) had significant upward trends for 34 percent of the streams at an α= 0.05 level and for another 9 percent of the streams at an α= 0.10 level, indicating that TSF decreased relative to BF for more than 40 percent of the streams during the previous 30 years. Downward trends in TSF, BF, and RO were most common for the months of June, July, and December. Trend analyses using monthly and annual total precipitation and mean temperature showed some association between climate and the streamflow trends, but Spearman's correlation and partial Mann‐Kendall analyses revealed that the trends in TSF, BF, and RO could not be explained by trends in precipitation and temperature alone, and thus urbanization and development may have played a role.     

建立网络生态水库系统实现城市河流的可持续发展

城市河流在城市及周边地区经济发展和生态保护中地位十分重要。网络生态水库系统可以克服我国水资源时空分配不均的弊端，优化水资源配置，满足各城市生产生活需要，实现可持续发展。     

阿尔泰山两河源区生态环境问题研究

由于人类对自然资源的不合理开发利用，以及自然环境的演变，阿尔泰山两河源区的生态环境出现了比较严重的退化。两河源区的生态环境不仅直接关系到阿勒泰地区人民的生活及经济的发展，而且还关系到相关地区的可持续发展问题。针对阿尔泰山两河源区的生态环境问题笔者提出了相应的对策与建议。     

市场化推进农村河流环境整治探究

农村河流环境污染的经济本质是由于环境“公共物品”属性导致其使用的外部环境不经济,本文把环境问题与经济研究接轨,设计了四种市场化利用模式,把河流厦相关公共物品“特定产权”明晰化,环保责任由政府承包转移到企业或个人,使责任明确化,从而有效对农村河流环境进行长效管理。最后以扬州市汉留镇河道清淤、保洁的市场化做实证分析。     

基于山江海视角与SRP模型的桂西南-北部湾生态环境脆弱性评价

为揭示桂西南喀斯特-北部湾海岸带生态环境脆弱性,本研究基于山江海视角,采用生态敏感度-生态恢复力-生态压力度(SRP)模型、无纲量化模型、层次分析法,结合生态环境脆弱性指数,对该区域进行了生态环境脆弱性的评价,为该区域的生态环境治理和恢复提供科学的理论基础和技术指导.结果表明:(1)2000～2018年三期生态环境脆弱...     

太湖入湖河流中精神活性物质污染特征与生态风险

精神活性物质是一类摄入人体后对中枢神经系统具有强烈兴奋或抑制作用的新型污染物,其在水环境中的存在可能对水生生物、水生态系统甚至人体健康产生潜在的危害。为评价太湖中精神活性物质的污染水平和生态风险,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测了太湖19条入湖河流中13种典型精神活性物质的质量浓度和空间分布规律。结果表明,在太湖19条入湖河流中除苯甲酰牙子碱(BE)和去甲氯胺酮(NK)外,其余11种目标物均有检出,质量浓度范围为n.d.～43.2 ng·L~(-1)。其中麻黄碱(EPH)的检出率和中间浓度最高,分别为100%和11.0 ng·L~(-1);其次为甲基苯丙胺(METH),检出频率为58%,浓度中值为1.0 ng·L~(-1);苯丙胺(AMP)在东部湖区均未检出。大部分精神活性物质浓度水平较高的河流分布在竺山湾和西太湖,而海洛因(HR)的高值区主要在南太湖。运用风险熵方法对其进行风险评估,结果显示,太湖流域地表水中检出的13种精神活性物质的风险熵值均<0.1,生态风险较低,但其对水生生态系统的长期和综合风险值得关注。